Westward Expansion
Lewis and Clark were tasked with the mapping of the Louisiana Territory by President Thomas Jefferson. What geographical feature was most important to their successful travel and navigation?
Rivers including the Mississippi and Missouri.
The Supreme Court decision in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) is important because it
expanded federal control over interstate commerce.
In general, the major court cases we have studies under the Marshall Court, including Gibbons v Ogden (interstate commerce), McCollugh v Maryland (Supremacy Clause), and Marbury v Madison (judicial review) increased the power of the federal government
What was a direct cause of the War of 1812?
The Impressment of American soliders / sailors.
Impressment of sailors: The British navy forcibly took sailors from American merchant ships to serve on their own vessels, a practice that angered the United States.
This device revolutionized the cotton industry, making it more profitable, by mechanizing the removal of cotton seeds from cotton fiber.
The Cotton Gin
This man was president during the "Trail of Tears" and signed the Indian Removal Act into law.
Andrew Jackson
What is Manifest Destiny?
What is the elastic clause, and how did it relate to the establishment of the 1st Bank of the United States?
Also known as the 'necessary and proper clause' it gives the government the power to do things not explicitly laid out in the constitution. Alexander Hamilton wanted to use this to establish a national bank, something not laid out in the constitution. This is considers a "loose interpretation" of the constitution. This was opposed by Hamilton's political rival, Thomas Jefferson' who argued for a "strict interpretation" of the constitution.
Many New England citizens opposed United States participation in the War of 1812 because they...
resented disruption of their trade with England
These two types of transportation technologies revolutionized trade in the United States, the first was developed by Robert Fulton in 1810, the second began to dominate transportation by 1840.
The steamboat and Railroads.
This supreme court case declared that the state of Georgia did not have the right to make laws governing the Cherokee people or to take their land.
Worcester v. Georgia
The Erie Canal was completed in 1825, linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic via the Hudson River and fueling a "canal craze" by lowering transportation costs and opening up new markets in the West. New York's location at the bottom of the Hudson river, where it which led the Erie Canal in Albany, made it a hub for transportation, trade, and manufacturing.
What was the Northest Ordinance and what did it do?
The Northwest Territory was granted to the US by Great Britain after victory in the American Revolution and included lands north of the Ohio River, and East of the Mississippi River. The Northwest ordinance outlined how the territory could be settled and how new states could be established. It promised to all:
Freedom on Religious Worship
Right to a trial by jury for anyone accused of a crime
No Cruel or unusual punishments for a crime
No slavery in the territory
What were the main components of the Monroe Doctrine
Separate spheres of influence: The Western Hemisphere and Europe were to remain separate political systems.
Non-colonization: The Americas were no longer open for future colonization by any European power. The implication was that America would protect its neighbors from Europe.
Non-intervention: The U.S. pledged to stay out of European affairs, and in return, Europe should not interfere with the new independent states in the Americas
How did Women' Roles Shift during the Market Revolution?
Factory work: Many young, single women left home to work in factories, particularly textile mills in New England.
Wages: This offered an opportunity for them to earn wages independently, save money, and support their families, which was a significant change from The Lowell mill girls were young women who worked in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution, which offered a form of independence and wages not typically available to them otherwise. Initially praised for providing a safe, supervised environment for young female workers, the system later faced criticism due to poor and unhealthy working conditions and wage cuts.
pre-industrial times.
Household production declines: With the rise of mechanized production, women's traditional roles in home-based (Home Spun) cloth production became less vital as they began purchasing manufactured fabrics.
The Quote "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it" refers to what?
The Worcester v. Georgia decisions. President Andrew Jackson decided to ignore the decision that made decided the Indian Removal act was unconstitutional, telling Georgia to go ahead and force the Cherokee out of their native land.
What important City is located at the mouth of the Mississippi River where it meets the Gulf of Mexico. This city was important to trade and the westward expansion of the United States
New Orleans
These laws criminalized false, scandalous, or malicious writing against the government, and gave the government more leeway to target non-citizens.
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.
Define Nationalism.
How did the War of 1812 and the Monroe Doctrine lead to Nationalism?
Nationalism: A sense of belonging to a new nation, created through a common history and the fight for independence from British rule. No longer should Americans associate themselves with their country of origin or state in which they resided.
This was an important outcome of the poor conditions women experienced while working in the Lowell Mills?
Formation of unions: Their collective dissatisfaction led to the formation of the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844, one of the first unions of working women in the United States, with Sarah Bagley as its president.
Will Card: What is Federalism?
Federalism: The division of power between the federal and state government. Powers that are Delegated in the Constitution to the federal government include the right to declare war, establish post offices and federal courts, coin money, and regulate interstate commerce. Powers Reserved to the states include running elections, creating marriage laws, establishing schools and school curriculum. Concurrent Powers include the power to tax, build roads, establish lower courts, and create and enforce laws. In cases of conflict, federal law takes precedence over state law, according to the Supremacy Clause.
Thomas Jefferson directed the US Government to buy the Louisiana Purchase from France when he was President, even though the power to buy land is not spelled out in the constitution. Jefferson argued this was 'necessary and proper'. What clause of the constitution does this reference? And why is this ironic? (something that is unexpected or out of place so much so that it may be humorous)
This is the elastic clause. It's ironic because Jefferson argued against Hamilton using the same clause to create the 1st Bank of the United States.
Alexander Hamilton's was the Secretary of the Treasury, part of George Washington's Presidential Cabinent. What were the main components of his Financial Plan?
Assumption of state debts: The federal government would take over the states' debts from the Revolutionary War to centralize fiscal authority and show good credit.
National Bank: A Bank of the United States was proposed to act as a depository for government funds, issue paper money, manage currency, and provide loans to the government and businesses
Wild Card:
What are the major details of the Missouri Compromise? (this is on the test)
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
Missouri as a slave state: The compromise admitted Missouri into the Union as a state where slavery was permitted.
Maine as a free state: It simultaneously admitted Maine as a free state to maintain the balance between slave and free states in the Senate.
Slavery's northern boundary: A line was drawn west from the southern border of Missouri along the 36 degree latitude parallel., prohibiting slavery in the territories north of this line, with the exception of Missouri itself.
Purpose: The primary goal was to quell the intense national debate over slavery that threatened to divide the nation.Repeal: The compromise remained in effect for just over 30 years before being repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.
Wild Card: What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. The resolutions were drafted in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were seen by Democratic-Republicans as an infringement on civil liberties, particularly freedom of speech and the press.
Principle of nullification: They argued that the United States was a compact between states, and that states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws. The Kentucky Resolutions, in particular, asserted that unconstitutional federal laws were "void and of no force" and that states could nullify them.
Wild Card: What is Jacksonian Democracy
Jacksonian Democracy: This era saw the rise of parties like the Democratic-Republicans, which appealed to the common man and stressed popular sovereignty, a stark contrast to the "enlightened aristocracy" of earlier times.
Elimination of property qualifications: Starting in the 1820s, states began to remove or reduce property-owning requirements for voting.
Populism and Anti-Elitism: Jackson and his supporters (who formed the modern Democratic Party) positioned themselves against the established political and financial elite, advocating for a government that was more responsive to the will of the majority of ordinary citizens, particularly farmers and working-class Americans.
Spoils System/Patronage: The movement promoted the policy of placing political supporters into appointed government offices, arguing that this rotation in office would prevent corruption and encourage civic participation by the "common man".
Strengthened Presidency: Jackson expanded the power of the presidency and the executive branch, notably through the frequent use of the presidential veto and by asserting the President's role as a direct representative of the people.