Flight controls and structure
What kind of ailerons do we have, what are the degrees, and what is the benefit?
Differential ailerons
Move up 25 degrees and down 12.5 degrees
Help compensate for adverse yaw: deflect further into airflow, the up aileron creates more form (parasite) drag to compensate for increased induced drag created by downward aileron
1. Intake: cylinder draws in the fuel air mixture
2. Compression: the piston compresses the fuel air mixture
3. Power: the spark plug ignites the fuel air mixture forcing the piston down
4. Exhaust: the residual gasses are exhausted out of the cylinder
Draw the fuel system and explain
How does the pitot-static system work and explain in detail for each instruments
Airspeed indicator:
-pitot tube connected to diaphragm and the static port is connected to casing
-diaphragm expands as more air enters it. expansion is read as an increase in airspeed. resisting the expansion is the static air in the casing. the difference static and dynamic is pressure differential
Altimeter:
-casing is attached to the static port
-aneroid wafers are in the casing sealed at 29.92 in hg
-in a climb, there is a decrease in static pressure, so the static pressure in the case exits, the wafers expands, showing an increase in altitude. the opposite is true for a descent
Vertical speed indicator:
-static port is connected to both the casing and diaphragm
-calibrated leak (6-9 seconds) in the casing causes static air to leave the casing slower than the diaphragm leading to a pressure differential read as a vertical speed
-measures rate of climb/descent
-descent: diaphragm expands
-climbs: diaphragm contracts
can we use a higher or lower grade fuel?
what is the fuel grade
fuel grade 100 octane and we use 100 low lead
never use lower grade fuel
What kind of flaps do we have and how do they work?
Slotted flaps
Allows for high energy air from below the wing to flow through the slot and re-energize the top boundary layer. Delays airflow separation and reduces stall speed.
Describe out engine in the the PA-28-161
Lycoming 0-320-D36
4 cylinders
Horizontally opposed: increase cooling airflow of casing and high power-to-weight ratio
Air cooled
Normally aspirated: uses ambient air for combustion
Direct drive: crankshaft is directly connected to the propeller
Tell me everything about the oil system
Sump holds up to 8 quarts
fit rec 8-6 quarts and manufacture 8-2 quarts
clean, cool, seal, and lubricate
Mineral oil: first 50 hours
Ashless dispersant oil: after 50 hours
How does the vacuum system work and what are the instruemnts?
-powered by an engine-driven dry-type vacuum pump and the lubricant is graphite
-air enters the vacuum system through a filter, passes through the air-driven gyro instrument and the suction gauge
-annunciator light illuminates when suction is below normal operating pressure(4.8-5.1 psi)
- Attitude indicator: operates based on rigidtiy in space(gyro remain fixed position in plane in which it is spinning) horizontally mounted gyro that rotates on the vertical axis with dual gimbals(allow aircraft to rotate freely in any direction and the gyro to remain fixed)
-Heading indicator: based on rigidity, vertically mounted gyro that rotates on the horizontal axis
-turn coordinator
-horizontally situation indicator
Do we use an MEL? if so what is it and if not what is the other thing
MEL: minimum equipment list
used for inoperative equipment
TARKY:
type of certificate data sheets
airworthiness directives
required for 91.205
koel
you
What are the primary flight controls and the axis?
bonus if you know the other name of the axis
1. Elevator( Stabilator)-Pitch-Lateral
2. Rudder-Yaw-Longitudinal
3. Ailerons-Roll-Vertical
What does the carburetor system do and what type do we have?
Draw it
Mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold
Float type carburetor
What cools the engine?
name both
Cooled by circulating oil through the system to reduce friction and absorb heat from internal engine parts
Airflow over the engine also aids in cooling the engine
what happens when the pitot, drain, and static is blocked?
Blocked pitot: airspeed= zero, others still work
Blocked pitot and drain: airspeed=freezes and behave like altimeter, others work
Blocked static= altimeter frozen and vsi reads 0
Blocked static and drain: airspeed=low in climb and high in descent, altimeter and vsi is frozen
what are the ATC gun signals
steady green: surface=cleared for takeoff, flight-cleared to land
flashing green: surface=cleared for taxi, flight= return for landing
steady red: surface=stop, flight give way for aircraft and circle
flashing red: taxi clear of runway in use, airport unsafe do not land
flashing white: return to starting point on airport
alternating red and green: exercise extreme caution
What kind of landing gear do we have?
What kind of struts do we have?
What is the psi for each tire?
What two things do they need?
What are the cylinders called and how many?
Fixed tricycle gear
Struts:Oleo
Main gear: 30 psi Back two:24 psi
Hydraulic fluid and nitrogen
5 hydraulic cylinders: one for each toe brake and one for parking brake
What still works if the electrical system stops working?
Tell me more about your answer
you can draw it
The magnetos are independent from the electrical system.
8 magnetos two on each cylinder
We have dual magnetos
What is the engine starting process:
1. Rotating the key to the start position, activates the starter (battery powered)
2. geared cog engages with the teeth of the flywheel
3. flywheel rotates, rotating the crankshaft
4. this rotation drives the magnetos, providing a high voltage pulse to a distributor, which directs it to the spark plugs.
5. engine starts, starter geared cog retracts from the flywheel
effects of forward and aft cg
forward cg:
-decrease in cruise speed
-increase stall speed
-increase longitudinal stability
-easier to recover from a stall
-longer takeoff roll
aft cg
-increase cruise speed
-decrease stall speed
-decrease longitudinal stability
-harder to recover from a stall
-takeoff prematurely
what is density altitude and pressure altitude? show the formulas
DA: pressure altitude corrected for non standard temp
PA+120(OAT-15)
PA: height above standard pressure
field elevation+1000(29.92-atimeter)
Major components of the aircraft structure
Fuselage
Wings
Empennage
Landing Gear
Powerplant
What is pre-ignition and detonation?
why does it happen
Uncontrolled firing of the fuel/air charge in advance of the spark ignition
- Due to hot spots(too rich of a mixture), usually in only one cylinder
Explosive or instantaneous combustion of unburned charge in the cylinders
- Due to too lean of a mixture, low fuel grade, high temperatures
How does the alternator work?
field excitation current magnetizes the rotor
- comes from battery during engine start
rotor spins inside the stator
-alternator belt is connected from the flywheel to the alternator which is what spins the rotor
electrical current is now produced from the alternator
charges battery
70 amps and 28 volts
belt driven
primary source of electricity
located just behind the flywheel
amps and volts of battery
volts of voltage regulator
what shows on the ammeter
battery: 25 amps 24 volts
voltage regulator: 28 and 31 volts
ammeter shows amount of charging current demand by battery
what are fuel reserves for the faa and fit?
what power do we use and how many gal per hour?
faa: 30 day 45min night
fit: 1 hr both
75% of power and that is 11.4 gal/hr