Burden of Disease
What is one example of a condition that can contribute to burden of disease?
Cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health conditions, asthma, injuries, etc.
Name one sociocultural factor that can influence health and wellbeing.
Family, peers, culture, religion, media, education, income, employment, community values, etc.
What stage of the lifespan comes after childhood?
Youth.
Is regular physical activity a risk factor or protective factor?
Protective factor.
Name the five dimensions of health and wellbeing.
Physical, social, emotional, mental, and spiritual health and wellbeing.
What is the formula used to calculate DALY?
DALY = YLL + YLD. This means years of life lost plus years lived with disability.
Define Sociocultural factors and include 2 examples of these factors.
The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age’ or something similar.
Examples are Family, peers, culture, religion, media, education, income, employment, community values, etc.
Identify the stage of the lifespan where puberty usually occurs.
Youth.
Define risk factors and protective factors.
Risk factors increase the chance of poor health and wellbeing. Protective factors reduce the chance of poor health and wellbeing or improve health outcomes.
Define health and wellbeing.
Health and wellbeing refers to the overall state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual health. It is not just the absence of disease or illness.
Define burden of disease. using disease, injury and the ideals (BIG PICTURE)
Burden of disease is a measure of the impact of disease and injury on a population. It shows the gap between current health status and ideal health where everyone lives a long life free from disease and disability.
How can peers influence a young person’s behaviour or choice?
Peers can encourage healthy or unhealthy eating habits through social pressure, shared behaviours or trends.
Define human lifespan.
The period of time from conception to death, usually divided into stages such as prenatal, infancy, childhood, youth, adulthood and older adulthood.
Give one example of a risk factor for youth mental health.
Bullying, poor sleep, social isolation, substance use, family conflict, high stress, unsafe online use.
Identify which dimension is shown in this example: “A young person feels connected to their friends and has supportive relationships.”
Social health and wellbeing.
Explain the difference between YLL and YLD.
YLL stands for years of life lost due to premature death. YLD stands for years lived with disability, illness or injury. YLL focuses on early death, while YLD focuses on reduced quality of life while alive.
Analyse how low income can affect both physical and mental health and wellbeing.
Low income may reduce access to nutritious food, healthcare, sport and safe housing, impacting physical health. It can also increase stress, anxiety and social exclusion, affecting mental health and wellbeing.
Describe one physical and one social change that may occur during youth.
Physical: puberty, growth spurt, changes in body shape. Social: increased independence, stronger peer relationships, identity development.
Explain how strong family support can act as a protective factor.
It can provide emotional support, guidance, safety, positive role modelling and encouragement to seek help when needed.
Explain the difference between mental health and wellbeing and emotional health and wellbeing.
Mental health and wellbeing relates to the brain and mind, including thought processes, stress levels, self-esteem and confidence. Emotional health and wellbeing relates to recognising, understanding and managing emotions, such as sadness, anger, happiness or fear.
A health condition affects different population groups. It causes 600 YLL due to premature death in adults and older adults, and 900 YLD due to youth and adults living with illness or disability.
Calculate the DALY and explain why this information is important when comparing populations.
DALY = YLL + YLD. So, 600 + 900 = 1,500 DALY. This means the population has lost 1,500 healthy years of life due to early death and time lived with illness or disability. This information is important because it helps compare how different population groups are affected across the lifespan. For example, youth may experience more years lived with disability, while older adults may experience more years of life lost due to premature death. Governments and health organisations can use DALY data to identify which populations are most affected and target prevention, treatment and support programs where they are needed most.
Explain how a sociocultural factors can influence a young person’s health and wellbeing. In your answer, include one example of how the factor may act as either a risk factor or a protective factor.
(Factors: Family, Friends, education, socioeconomical status, living, culture)
Sociocultural factors such as family and peers can influence a young person’s health and wellbeing. Family can act as a protective factor by providing emotional support, guidance, access to healthcare and encouragement to make healthy choices. However, family conflict may act as a risk factor by increasing anxiety, stress or unsafe behaviours. Peers can also influence health and wellbeing. Therefore, sociocultural factors can either support or negatively affect health and wellbeing depending on the environment and behaviours involved.
Compare youth and adulthood in terms of independence and responsibilities.
Youth often involves developing independence while still relying on family or school support. Adulthood usually involves greater independence, employment, financial responsibility, relationships and possibly parenting.
A young person has poor sleep, high screen time and supportive friends. Analyse how these factors may influence their health and wellbeing.
Poor sleep and high screen time are risk factors because they may affect concentration, mood, physical activity and mental health. Supportive friends are protective because they can provide belonging, support and positive social connection.
A Year 11 student is experiencing poor sleep, stress from schoolwork, conflict with friends and a lack of motivation. Analyse how this could affect three dimensions of health and wellbeing.
Poor sleep may affect physical health and wellbeing by reducing energy, concentration and immune function. Stress from schoolwork may affect mental health and wellbeing by increasing anxiety and reducing confidence. Conflict with friends may affect social health and wellbeing by reducing connection, support and a sense of belonging. A lack of motivation may also affect emotional health and wellbeing if the student struggles to manage feelings of frustration or sadness.