Unit 1: Colonial Foundations (1607-1763)
Italian explorer. Discoverer of the New World, sparking mass colonization, resource harvesting & forced labor.
Christopher Columbus
Turning point of the American Revolution. Patriot victory held control of upper Hudson River and forced British to retreat north into Canada
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
7th President. The "Common Man" president. Expanded executive powers but overstepped at times (Indian Removal Act, veto of 2nd U.S. Bank, Spoils System)
Andrew Jackson
Agreement to adit California as free state, Texas as a slave state, and created the very strict Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Compromise of 1850
Policy of “Hands Off” unregulated business. Leads to monopolies and poor working conditions
Laissez-Faire Capitalism (1870s-1910s)
a form of labor where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan. Allowed colonists to travel to new world in return for labor.
Indentured Servitude
Philosopher who wrote Common Sense which influenced Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Paine
5th President. Expanded American territory into Florida & established American influence over the Western Hemisphere (via the Monroe Doctrine)
James Monroe
Leader of Seneca Falls Convention & women’s suffrage movement. Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments with a number of other suffragettes.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Muckraker photographer who wrote How the Other Half Lives. Exposed crowded tenement living though photo journalism.
Jacob Riis
Assembly of elected officials in Virginia to form self-gov.
Virginia House of Burgesses (1643)
Great Compromise (two houses of lawmakers) & the 3/5th Compromise (3/5 of slave population counts towards state representation) made ratification possible
Constitutional Compromises (1787-1789)
Shift from subsistence farming to surplus made possible by new inventions & transportation revolution. Paves the way for Industrial Revolution
Market Revolution (1800-1840s)
Supreme Court Case which ruled that African Americans were not citizens, therefore could not sue for freedom & that Congress cannot regulate slavery.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Inventor of Cotton Gin which made cotton easier to harvest. This increased the demand for slavery.
Eli Whitney
Vast trade of goods & people between “old” & “new” world
Columbian Exchange
A British policy of relaxed trade laws in the 13 colonies prior to French & Indian War
Salutary Neglect
U.S. rejects French diplomats' bribes (hoping to form an alliance) France begins attacking U.S. trade ships
XYZ Affair & Quasi War (1798-1800)
Lincoln wins. South Carolina secedes over fears of Lincoln abolishing slavery. 10 more states follow. & Civil War begins
Election of 1860
Muckraker who wrote The Jungle, exposing the horrid and unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry.
Upton Sinclair
Agreement of self-government rules made by the Pilgrims.
Mayflower Compact (1620)
Philosopher. Wrote Second Treatise about the social contract that government should exist only to protect its people's rights
John Locke
Era of the Supreme Court expanding federal powers over states and creating legal precedents for the Supreme Court to rule on Constitutional issues
The Marshall Court (1800-1834)
Failed attempt by northern abolitionist to arm slaves in rebellion against the South. Greatly angers Southern leaders. Made any further compromise between North & South nearly impossible.
John Brown's Raid (1859)
Party born from the Granger movement (farmers seeking to regulate railroads & get fair trade deals). This party sought to give back power to the people and introduce a bi-metal standard (silver & gold).
Populist Party (1891-1909)
Puritan leader. Created basis for strict religion in MA.
John Winthrop
Preached neutrality & avoiding political parties.
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)
National bank & treasury. Federal gov takes on state debts.
Hamilton’s Economic Plan (1791)
a controversial policy where the people of federal territories are given ability to decide for themselves whether their territories would enter the Union as free or slave states.
Popular Sovereignty
Era of immense wealth & speculation (taking out large loans to purchase land, stocks, or business) backed by corruption and deregulation of business. Ended by Progressive Era.
“Gilded Age” (1870s-1890s)
Movement emphasizing reason, logic & science over faith. Inspired the American Revolution & Declaration of Independence
Enlightenment (1685-1815)
British policy restricting settlement west of Appalachians. Marked the end of Salutary Neglect
Proclamation of 1763
Powers that, although not directly stated in the Constitution, are implied to be available based on previously stated powers and/or Supreme Court rulings
Implied Powers
The “Great Compromiser” wrote Antebellum Compromises and Proposed “The American System” of industrial self-reliance
Henry Clay
Belief system that immigration should be severely, if not entirely restricted so that "native-born" residents can maintain jobs, interests & wellbeing without outside influence.
Nativism