Fluid Balance Basics
This process describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
What is osmosis?
This fluid imbalance occurs when fluid output exceeds intake.
What is fluid volume deficit (hypovolemia)?
This fluid imbalance is characterized by abnormal retention of sodium and water.
What is fluid volume excess (hypervolemia)?
A sodium level below 136 mEq/L is known as this condition.
What is hyponatremia?
This condition is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone.
What is diabetes insipidus?
In a healthy adult, approximately this percentage of body weight is composed of fluid.
What is 50–60%?
A patient with hypovolemia is likely to exhibit this type of pulse.
What is a weak, thready pulse?
Name 2 classic signs of fluid volume excess (hypervolemia).
What is crackles, shortness of breath, JVD, and pitting edema.
Name 2 classic manifestations of hyponatremia.
What is seizures, muscle cramps, and lethargy?
This disorder results in hyponatremia and fluid volume excess.
What is SIADH?
This hormone causes the kidneys to retain water and is also known as vasopressin.
What is ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?
These laboratory findings are commonly seen in hypovolemia: increased hematocrit, BUN, creatinine, sodium, and this value.
What is elevated serum osmolality?
This medication class is commonly used to treat hypervolemia.
What are diuretics?
Name a ECG finding related to hypokalemia.
What is flattened T waves and ST depression on ECG?
Name 2 classic signs of diabetes insipidus.
What is polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine, and high sodium levels?
This process forces fluid out of capillaries due to pressure differences and contributes to edema formation.
What is filtration?
Diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic use, burns, and NPO status are examples of these.
What are risk factors/contributing factors for hypovolemia?
This life-threatening complication results when excess fluid shifts into the lungs.
What is pulmonary edema?
Salt substitutes and ACE inhibitors increase the risk for this electrolyte disorder.
What is hyperkalemia?
Fluid restriction, diuretics, and hypertonic saline are treatments for this disorder.
What is SIADH?
This hormone promotes sodium and water retention while increasing potassium excretion.
What is aldosterone?
A severe complication of untreated hypovolemia that can lead to organ failure.
What is hypovolemic shock?
Name 2 specific lab findings that are seen in fluid volume excess (hypervolemia).
What is low hematocrit, low sodium, low serum osmolality, and low urine specific gravity?
This electrolyte is primarily located in the intracellular fluid compartment.
What is potassium?
(Blank) is a key medication used to treat diabetes insipidus.
What is desopressin?