FOUNDATIONS & EARLY GOVERNMENT
What is the social contract?
People agree to be governed in exchange for protection of their rights
What does the Supremacy Clause say?
The Constitution is the highest law of the nation.
Which branch interprets the law?
Judicial branch.
Which amendment protects freedom of speech?
1st Amendment.
What is public policy?
Government actions to address issues.
What were the Articles of Confederation mainly trying to avoid?
A strong central government like the British monarchy.
What does federalism mean?
Power is divided between federal and state governments.
Who is Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. military?
The President.
What does the 4th Amendment protect against?
What does the 4th Amendment protect against?
What is the Electoral College?
System that officially elects the President.
What was one major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
The national government could not tax.
What problem in Ohio’s original 1802 Constitution led to major changes in 1851?
The legislature had too much power and debt grew out of control.
What does judicial review allow courts to do?
Declare laws or actions unconstitutional.
What does the 14th Amendment require states to provide?
Equal protection and due process.
Why is mandatory spending hard for Congress to change?
It is required by law (Social Security, Medicare).
Why did Shays’ Rebellion convince leaders to replace the Articles of Confederation?
It showed the federal government was too weak to maintain order.
Name one major change made in the Ohio Constitution of 1851.
Examples: more elected judges, limited legislature debt, created district courts.
How did McCulloch v. Maryland strengthen federal power?
It upheld the Necessary & Proper Clause and federal supremacy.
What did Gideon v. Wainwright guarantee?
Right to an attorney even if you cannot afford one.
What is fiscal policy?
Government taxing and spending.
What Enlightenment ideas most influenced the U.S. Constitution?
Limited government, separation of powers, natural rights (Locke, Montesquieu).
How does the Ohio Constitution mirror the U.S. Constitution in the structure of government?
Both have three branches: executive, legislative, judicial.
Why is Tinker v. Des Moines important for student rights?
It protects symbolic speech unless it disrupts learning.
What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights?
Civil liberties = freedoms from government.
Civil rights = protections from discrimination.
What is monetary policy and who controls it?
Money supply & interest rates; controlled by the Federal Reserve.