Pre-Darwin
His work organized all known life into an orderly classification system still used today
Linnaeus
What was it called?
Bones of extinct species reveal the evolution from land mammals back to sea, still showing these structures for walking
Fossil Record
What's the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Allopatric involves geographic isolation and sympatric isolation occurs in the same geographical area
Natural selection acts directly on the ______- but the fundamental unit of evolution is the __________
a) individual, population b) population, individual c) species, population d) individual, descent with modification
Natural selection acts directly on the individual but the fundamental unit of evolution is the population
Is evolution a completely random process?
No, it is non random
He believed species were fixed and unchanging, a view that dominated Western thought for nearly 2,000 years.
Aristotle
They shared a common ancestor
Define biological species concept and what are the two natural biological barriers associated with this concept
Set of population of members that can potentially interbreed in nature to produce fertile, viable young offspring and can't interbreed with other groups
Prezygotic and postzygotic
Darwin's mechanism for the cause of evolution was based upon _____________
a) Use and disuse of physical traits over time
b) Characteristics that enhance survival are heritable
c) Divine intervention and special creation
d) Spontaneous generation responding to environmental needs
b) characteristics that enhance survival are heritable
In ________ species diverge at slow, steady pace as traits change. In ______ species diverge quickly then remain unchanged for long periods of time
gradual, punctuated equilibrium
His 1858 letter to Darwin prompted the joint presentation of their ideas to the Linnean Society, forcing Darwin to publish
Wallace
Island species are often unique because geographic isolation leads to evolution along these separate paths
Biogeography
Aneuploidy vs Autopolyploidy vs Allopolyploid
Aneuploidy: too many or too few chromosome
Autopolyploidy: Two or more complete sets of chromosomes after division
Allopolyploid: Gametes from two different species combine
What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?
a) Earth is a few thousand years old and species are unchanging
b) Earth was old with species remaining fixed and unchanging
c) Earth had existed for millions of years, providing ample time for species to remain stable in their divinely created forms
d) Earth was old with species remaining fixed and unchanging
a) Earth is a few thousand years old and species are unchanging
List the 6 evidence of evolution
Direct observation, fossil record, homologous structures and vestigial, convergence, biogeography, and molecular biology
He proposed that organisms could pass acquired characteristics to offspring
Lamarck
Bats and birds both evolved wings and flight, but their wing structures reveal they evolved from these different types of limbs
What is this concept and what are these structures called?
How does this happen?
Convergence, analagous structures. These species are unrelated so these similarities occur because of similar selection pressures
Identify and define all 4 of the species concept
Morphological: Based on physical similarities and differences
Ecological: Defined by ecological niche
Phylogenetic: Determined by evolutionary ancestry and genetic data
Biological: Emphasies reproductive isolation
The Galapagos finches collected by Darwin are thought to have descended from a very small original parent population. Different species of Galapagos finches that are confined to only one or two islands of the Galapagos island chain most likely arose by
a) Convergent Evolution
b) Sympatric Speciation
c) Post-zygotic barriers
d) Allopatric speciation
d) Allopatric speciation
Fill in the blank: "_______________ is the mechanism for evolution"
What are the two observations associated with the statement
Natural Selection
Heritable variation exists in most species
More offspring are produced than can survive
This Scottish geologist proposed that Earth was shaped by slow, gradual processes still occurring today.
What did this suggest about the Earth
Hutton, Earth is old
What was his idea called?
Humans and chimpanzees are shown to be closely related. According to the molecular biology concept, how do we know this?
Identify the 3 prezygotic barriers and the 2 postzygotic barriers
Prezygotic: Temporal isolation (different breeding time), habitat (species are separated), behavioral (certain actions impacts reproduction)
Postzygotic: Hybrid inviability (embryo is produced and can't survive development), hybrid sterility (different species can produce offspring but the offspring can't reproduce
Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time?
a) There is intense competition for limited resources within the population
b) All variation between individuals is due to only to environmental factors
c) Mating is non-random, with individuals preferring certain phenotypic traits
d) Gene flow occurs regularly between this population and neighboring populations
b) All variation between individuals is due to only to environmental factors
How does geographic separation make new species? (3)
Groups become geographically isolated for long periods of time
Changes (mutations) in each group over time lead to divergence
During allopatry, biological reproductive barriers evolve, creating separate species