MODULE 5
The state in a closed chemical system where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the exact same rate, resulting in constant macroscopic properties
What is dynamic equilibrium?
According to Brønsted–Lowry theory, any chemical species that acts as a proton donor ($H^+$)
What is an acid?
A family of organic compounds sharing the same functional group, similar chemical properties, and a regular gradation in physical properties
What is a homologous series?
A molecule or ion that can act as either a proton donor or a proton acceptor depending on the reaction conditions
What is an amphiprotic substance?
The minimum amount of kinetic energy required by colliding reactant particles for a successful chemical reaction to take place
What is activation energy ($E_a$)?
The principle stating that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the position of equilibrium will shift to counteract and minimise the disturbance
What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?
A pair of chemical species that differ from each other by only one proton
What is a conjugate acid-base pair?
An atom or group of atoms in a molecule responsible for its characteristic chemical reactivity
What is a functional group?
The reversible equilibrium reaction between an alkanol and an alkanoic acid heated under reflux with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
What is esterification?
A solution containing roughly equal amounts of a weak acid and its conjugate base that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added
What is a buffer solution?
The calculated ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at any point in a reaction, used to compare against $K_{eq}$ to determine reaction direction
What is the Reaction Quotient ($Q$)
The ion formed when a hydrogen ion bonds with a water molecule via a coordinate covalent bond
What is the hydronium ion
The acid added during esterification that acts both as a catalyst to speed up the reaction and as a dehydrating agent to remove water and shift equilibrium to the righ
What is concentrated sulfuric acid
The anaerobic biochemical process in which yeast enzymes convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is fermentation?
The traditional Indigenous Australian technique of using running or still water to remove soluble toxins from cycad seeds by shifting solution equilibrium
What is leaching?
The phenomenon where the solubility of an ionic salt decreases when dissolved in a solution that already contains one of its constituent ions
What is the common ion effect?
The point in a titration where the reactants have reacted in the exact stoichiometric mole ratio according to the balanced equation
What is the equivalence point?
The structural isomer type describing molecules that share the same molecular formula but possess different functional groups, such as propanal and propanone
What are functional group isomers?
Organic reactions where reactant species add across a carbon-carbon double or triple bond to form a single saturated product
What are addition reactions?
The reaction type characteristic of alkanes where a hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom under ultraviolet light
What is a substitution reaction?
The mathematical condition ($Q{sp} > K_{sp}$) indicating that a solution is supersaturated and a solid will form
What is precipitate formation?
The volumetric technique used when an analyte is insoluble, volatile, or reacts too slowly for a direct titration
What is Back Titration?
The alkaline hydrolysis of an ester, fat, or oil using a strong base to produce glycerol and carboxylate salts
What is saponification?
The energy distribution curve illustrating how an increase in temperature increases the proportion of colliding molecules that exceed the activation energy
What is the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve?
The chemical test where an unsaturated alkene rapidly decolourises a brown solution without needing UV light, whereas an alkane does not
What is the bromine water test?