Energy/Enzymes
Does energy move into or out of an Endergonic Reaction?
Endergonic, energy Enters
Define Metabolism
Metabolism is the sum total of all of the chemical reactions taking place within an organism. It is never at equilibrium, because if it were, reactions would stop happening and the organism would die.
What type of metabolic pathway is Cellular Respiration?
CATABOLIC! Its breaking down glucose
Whats the difference between anabolic and endergonic
Endergonic absorbs free energy from its environment to form its products. It is non spontaneous. Anabolic pathway require energy to build larger molecules.
What are the two phases of this first process, in terms of energy?
“Energy investment phase” and “Energy payoff phase”
What 2 things are fundamental to all metabolic pathways?
ENERGY and ENZYMES
What is an Enzyme?
A specifically shaped protein with a very specific job
Conditions that affect the efficiency of enzymes.
Temperature, pH, and [salt] (all the things that can denature proteins) concentration of substrates and products.
What is the difference between Competitive inhibition and Noncompetitive inhibition?
Competitive Inhibition is when something other than the substrate binds to the active site, physically blocking the substrate from getting where it needs to go and preventing the enzyme from doing its job. Noncompetitive Inhibition is when something prevents the enzyme from doing its job by binding to someplace other than the active site and changing its shape (conformational change) so the substrate can’t fit in the active site.
Cellular Respiration begins with __________, which occurs in the __________, during which __________ is converted into __________. What are the other outputs of this first process?
Glycolysis, Cytoplasm, Glucose, Pyruvate. You also receive 2 NADH and 2 NET ATP from Glycolysis
Which molecule has higher energy: ADP, AMP, or ATP, and why?
ATP, because it has 3 phosphates (TRIphosphate), ADP has less (DIphosphate), AMP has the least (MONOphosphate). ATP has more phosphates
What is Feedback Inhibition?
When the end product of a metabolic pathway loops back into that same pathway to prevent more of the product from being made
What is the balanced “Summary Equation” for Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Is Allosteric inhibition the same as Competitive inhibition? Why or why not?
NO! because the inhibitor is binding to the allosteric site, and NOT the active site, so it isn’t physically competing with the substrate for space! They do, however, have the same outcome, which is the prevention of the substrate binding to the enzyme.
After the first step of cellular respiration, there is an intermediary process called __________, which happens as __________ enters through the membrane of the mitochondrion and is converted into __________. What are the other outputs?
Pyruvate Oxidation, Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA. You also receive 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 CO2.
How does the cell’s energy currency provide energy, and what role does this play in coupled reactions?
ATP is hydrolyzed (break off a phosphate), an electron is released which is then used by other molecules to do some sort of work, such as building a polymer or moving things against their concentration gradient
What does “Allosteric” site mean?
“not the active site”
What is a reaction’s “Energy of Activation”? How would you identify it on a graph?
The amount of energy that must be put in before a reaction will occur. On a graph, it goes from the starting energy of the reaction to the highest point on the graph.
What are “Photosystems” and where are they found?
Photosystems are pigment-containing protein complexes found in the Thylakoid membrane. It is their job to absorb light energy.
What is the difference between Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation?
Aerobic Respiration has an electron transport chain that ends up giving electrons to oxygen. Anaerobic Respiration has an electron transport chain that ends up giving electrons to something OTHER THAN oxygen
Describe Enzyme Cooperativity.
When you have a bunch of enzymes grouped together and one of them changes shape, causing all the others to change shape too.
What is a Conformational Change?
A change in an enzyme’s shape due to something binding to its active or regulatory site
In addition to glucose, what other molecules can the cell use for energy in times of need? In what order does the cell resort to using them?
Fats and proteins. Glucose 1st, then fats, then proteins.
Which wavelengths of light do plants absorb? Why?
What is the balanced “Summary Equation” for Photosynthesis?
Mostly the shorter wavelengths, violet, indigo, blue, because they carry more energy than the other ones
6H2O + 6CO2 → 6O2 + C6H12O6
How is ATP production regulated, in terms of negative and positive feedback systems?
ATP serves as its own inhibitor, the more ATP you have in your cells that’s not being used, the less you’ll make. If you don’t have any (high levels of AMP), you’ll make more.