Columbian Exchange
These three crops traveled from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia and caused population growth.
What are potatoes, maize/corn, and tomatoes (accept: cacao, tobacco)?
This new religion emerged in Mughal India, combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.
What is Sikhism?
This type of business organization allowed multiple investors to pool money and share risk.
What is a joint-stock company?
This technology enabled the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires to expand rapidly and conquer fortified cities.
What is gunpowder (cannons, muskets, artillery)?
Ottoman and Mughal rulers practiced religious tolerance for this strategic political reason.
What is maintaining peace/stability in diverse empires (or preventing rebellions)?
This disease was the most devastating part of the Columbian Exchange for indigenous Americans.
What is smallpox (accept: measles, typhus, Old World diseases)?
This founder of Sikhism taught that caste was worthless and all humanity had one refuge in God.
Who is Guru Nanak?
These two major Dutch companies were granted monopolies for trade in different world regions.
What are the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Dutch West India Company?
Portuguese maritime exploration had this effect on traditional Mediterranean trade routes controlled by Venice and the Ottomans.
What is disruption/bypassing (or undermining their middleman position)?
States recruited foreigners whose positions depended on the state to help accomplish this goal.
What is centralizing power (or creating loyal bureaucracy)?
Indigenous Americans were vulnerable to European diseases due to this lack of biological defense
What is no immunity (or no prior exposure/acquired resistance)?
This term describes the blending of different religious or cultural traditions into new combined forms.
What is syncretism?
This type of colonial system focused on coastal trading stations rather than large-scale settlement.
What is a trading post empire?
The Columbian Exchange had this unintended consequence that devastated indigenous American populations.
What is the spread of epidemic diseases (or massive demographic collapse)?
The Tokugawa shogunate elevated this class over merchants in the social hierarchy, despite merchants having more wealth.
What are peasants (farmers)?
These three animals were introduced to the Americas from Afro-Eurasia.
What are horses, cattle, and pigs (accept: sheep, chickens)?
The Protestant Reformation motivated the Catholic Church to seek new converts in this way.
What is increased global missionary activity (or missions outside Europe)?
Portuguese Goa is an example of this type of empire, while Spanish Mexico is an example of this other type.
What is a trading post empire (Goa) and settler colony (Mexico)?
European demand for this labor-intensive crop drove the massive expansion of the Atlantic slave trade to the Caribbean.
What is sugar (accept: cash crops)?
The British treaty with Windward Maroons demonstrates this strategy of using former resisters to suppress future resistance.
What is co-opting local groups (or divide and conquer)?
Plantation agriculture in the Americas caused these environmental effects.
What is deforestation, soil depletion/erosion, and ecosystem disruption?
Sikhism appealed to lower social classes because it rejected this rigid Hindu social hierarchy.
What is the caste system?
Joint-stock companies created these new social groups who gained wealth and political influence.
What are merchant classes (or commercial/economic elites)?
American silver flowing to China demonstrates this about the balance of global economic power in this period.
What is Asian economies (China/India) remaining dominant/powerful (or Europe needing Asian goods more than Asia needed European goods)?
Non-Muslim communities in the Ottoman Empire were given this legal status that protected them but made them second-class citizens.
What is dhimmi status?