Cell to Cell
Within a Cell
11 Meets 18
Food Microbes
100
Fat-soluble molecules that can pass through membranes are generally called this.
What is a hormone?
100
Systems that require a molecule to transmit messages from the membrane to organelles in the cytoplasm are called this.
What are second messenger systems?
100
These cytoplasmic proteins are commonly activated at the end of a cell signaling cascade, causing them to move to the nucleus.
What are transcription factors?
100
These microbes are primarily used in food production.
What are bacteria and fungi?
200
This type of communication allows neurons to signal through the release and reception of neurotransmitters at a synapse.
What is paracrine?
200
In the Jak-STAT pathway, this ion is transferred between receptors to transmit messages from the membrane to the nucleus.
What are phosphates?
200
Signaling cascades generally respond to outside stimuli by increasing one of these two things. (Name both)
What are enzyme activity and transcription?
200
In order to make sure that fermentation is happening the same way, commercial food microbes are grown specifically using this kind of cell division.
What is mitosis?
300
This type of communication requires the transit of molecules in circulation to share information.
What is endocrine?
300
The cascades of signals from the membrane to the nucleus often activate the function of these proteins that alter gene expression patterns.
What are transcription factors?
300
These two options are possible responses to intracellular signals alerting the presence of severe DNA damage.
What are cell cycle arrest and apoptosis?
300
Fungi used is commercial food production are sold to food manufacturers in this form.
What are spores?
400
White blood cells often receive signals from other cells that release chemicals that act back on themselves in this kind of signaling.
What is autocrine?
400
This hetero-multimeric protein complex transmits messages from the membrane to the cytoplasm by using energy from GTP.
What are G-protein coupled receptors?
400
The removal of this chemical group from DAF-16 activates it and allows it to initiate transcription in the nucleus.
What is a phosphoryl group?
400
Propagation via asexual reproduction prevents this process, which would create new strains with a mixture of features from the parental strains.
What is crossing over?
500
Opsonization, or the covering of a pathogen with antibodies, helps white blood cells recognize and kill the pathogen via this kind of signaling.
What is contact-dependent or juxtacrine signaling?
500
If the genes activated in this cascade are involved in pathogen defense, this would be the effect of increasing the expression of calcium importers on the surface of this cell.
What is less protection from pathogens?
500
Mutations in THIS DNA ELEMENT of the EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) gene can cause overstimulation of this pathway, seen here, which can lead to cancer.
What is the promoter or 5' UTR?
500
Name four foods or pharmaceuticals that require microbial growth or fermentation for commercial-scale production.
Various.