Show:
WhatLever
What Period is this?
Bones, skulls, and harmony
Spooky, Evolving, Skeletons
EZ PhylogenEZ
100
In jaw muscles, the articulation between the condyloid process of the dentary and the temporal bone represent this component of the lever.
What is the fulcrum?
100
This period occurred after the Permian and before the Jurassic, and marks the timeframe when 'true' mammals arose from cynodonts.
What is the Triassic?
100
This is one way we know that the ear ossicles of mammals are recycled from the jaw joint in non-mammalian taxa.
What is they have a different developmental origin from the rest of the skull? They are derived from neural crest and are homologous to the gill arches of fish.
100
This is the term for the body of a vertebra from which arches protrude
What is the centrum?
100
This term describes a group that includes the common ancestor but only some of the descendants
What is a paraphyletic group?
200
This measure of force is calculated as the length of the in-arm (Li) over the length of the out-arm (Lo).
What is Mechanical Advantage?
200
This period, that began 85 MYA marks the origin of the birds
What is the Jurrasic (lecture) or Cretaceous (debated origin)?
200
This 'bifurcated' muscle coevolved with the coronoid and angular processes on the dentary bone.
What is the adductor mandibulae or mandible elevator?
200
These are the two subdivisions of the endoskeleton
What are the Somatic skeleton and the Visceral skeleton?
200
This is a term that describes traits that are shared between different taxa that are not the result of common ancestry.
What is homoplasy?
300
These are levers that have the in-force or effort located in between the fulcrum and the out-force (or resistance).
What are 3rd order levers?
300
Name the vertebrate group that dominated the Carboniferous (299-359 MYA) and the group that arose in the Carboniferous
Dominated - Amphibians Arose - Amniotes
300
Mechanical advantage ___________ when food items are transported towards the incisors from the molars in your mouth while masticating
What is decrease?
300
Explain how you can discriminate between an anapsid, diapsid, euryapsid, and synapsid skull
Anapsid - no fenestrations in temporal region of skull Diapsid - two fenestrations in temporal region of skull Euryapsid - Fenestration high on skull between parietal and squamosal Synapsid - Fenestration low on skull between squamosal and quadratojugal
300
This term describes the character state of the ancestral condition, or the character that was present in the common ancestor of the ingroup
What is the primitive state?
400
This order of lever always has a mechanical advantage greater than one.
What is a second order lever?
400
Name the period(s) that occurred before and after the Triassic, as well as the vertebrate group that dominated those periods.
Before - Permian, Amniotes After - Jurassic, Dinosaurs
400
Draw a transverse section of the pectoral region of a bird with an explicit description of how a ventral muscles enacts wing adduction.
What is your best drawing including the triosseum foramen and supracoracoideus?
400
These are the number of occipital condyles present on amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammalian skulls
Amphibian - 2 Reptile - 1 Bird - 1 Mammal - 2
400
This is the cladistics term used to describe a shared derived trait?
What is a synapomorphy?
500
An animal that requires fast-closing jaws to capture flying prey likely ________ its mechanical advantage by __________ the _______________ between its molars and incisors.
What are decreases, increasing, diastema?
500
Outline the rise of the fish by giving the listing the period(s) in which Placodermi, Actinopterygii, and Sarcopterygii originated AND the period(s) that they dominated.
Placoderms - Arose in Silurian, proliferated in Devonian Actinopterygii - Originated in Devonian, dominated from Devonian-now Sarcopterygii - Originated in Devonian, mostly represented as tetrapods
500
Diagram the lever system and torque of a hypothetical skull and lower jaw (you can use one that you brought to lab).
What is the this skull you drew using your imagination and lecture / lab notes?
500
The hyomandibula in cartilaginous fish evolved into which bone in bony fish? amphibians? reptiles/birds? mammals?
Bony fish - hyomandibula Amphibians - columella Reptile/Birds - columella Mammals - stapes
500
This is a phylogeny depicting the morphological bridges between "fish" and early tetrapods.
What is this tree illustrated on slides 39 - 41 of lecture 4?