Morphology and Syntax
content words (cat, play, do, red) and function words (no, the, you, this) and affixes (un-, -s, -ed)
What are Morphemes?
Study of how speech sounds are made
What is Phonetics?
Reflexive/Crying –newborn
What is stage 1?
Non-dominant hemisphere, but still involved in some subtle aspects of processing language
What is the right hemisphere?
Acquisition of the first word and its meaning, entire lexicon/vocabulary with their meanings and the links between the words
What is Semantic Development?
Children tend to use only content words (nouns/verbs/adjectives), and omit function words, such as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, pronouns, auxiliaries, and inflections
What is Telegraphic Speech?
Vowels: a speech sound made with the vocal tract open. Consonants: sounds that are produced by constriction of the passage through the throat and the mouth
What are speech sounds classified as?
most intensive period for speech and language learning is within the first three years of life
What are the brain and sensory organs?
Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, Motor Cortex, auditory cortex, arcuate fasciculus
What is the left hemisphere?
Overextension, Underextension, Invented Words
What are Unconventional words and Errors?
children’s early 2- word combinations contain only a small group of meaning relationships
What is Semantic Relations?
Stress and Timing. Primary Stress, Secondary Stress, and Tertiary Stress, Lexical Stress, Emphasis, Intonation
What are Suprasegmental Aspects?
higher, more variable pitch and exaggerated stress
What is Prosody?
Our bodies have evolved and adapted to better allow speech and language
What is Evidence Two?
Sound Effects, Food and drink, Animals, Body Parts and Clothing, House and outdoors, People, Toys and vehicles, Actions, Games and routines, Adjectives and descriptives
What are Examples of Early Vocabulary?
Grammatical rules develop almost unnoticed---with no explicit instruction. Parents have been focusing on teaching vocabulary , and often never try to consciously teach syntax. They focus more on “what” the child is saying rather than “how” the child says it
What is special about syntactic development?
What word-positions can these sounds occur in one’s language.
What sounds are allowed to combine and which can’t in one’s language
Recognize differences between sounds and see whether they are meaningful differences
What are the Phonological Rules?
Jargon 8-10 months
What is stage 5?
Processing studies with children Childhood aphasia Brain injury prior to language
What is Evidence Three?
Set of distinguishing features. Children form these categories by weighting the features to include any given word in that category
What is Semantic Feature View?
Based on average length of a child’s sentences
What is Mean Length of Utterance?
Cooing and laughter (2-4 months) Comfort sounds; mostly velars; sustained laughter and chuckles appear
What is Stage 2?
lots of practice listening to speech, and begin comprehending words before they can produce them
What is by late first year?
Another evidence of language creation
What is Nicaraguan Sign Language?
Initial object-label association: adults use simple “here and now” referents, talk to children about what’s about to happen, and label a lot of things around children
What is Adults influences in children's meaning development?