Genes
Regions of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product
What is a gene?
Changes in the genetic material of a cell or a virus
What is a mutation?
Mutations that change a codon into a stop codon
What is a nonsense mutation?
*Almost always leads to a nonfunctional protein*
Catalyzes RNA synthesis, opens RNA, and joins neuclotides
What is an RNA Polymerase?
Mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation
What are transcription factors?
Traits are inherited by...
What is the synthesis of specific proteins?
Chemical changes in just one base pair
What is a point mutation?
Mutations that have an adverse effect on an organism
What is a genetic disorder or hereditary disease?
The spot where the RNA polymerase attaches
What is the promoter?
The completed assembly of transcription factors and an RNA polymerase II, all bound to a promoter
What is a transcription initiation complex?
Genetic information is coded by...
What is a nucleotide sequence?
One nucleotide and it's partner gets replaced with another pair
What is a nucleotide-pair substitution?
Additions or losses of nucleotides pairs in a gene
What are insertions or deletion?
What is the terminator?
Carry out RNA splicing
What is a spliceosome?
The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis (in two stages, Transcription and Translation)
What is gene expression?
Mutations that have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon (due to redundancy)
What is a silent mutation?
An alteration in the reading frame caused by an insertion or deletion
What is a frameshift mutation?
The promotor that forms the initiation complexes
What is a TATA box?
The proteins that make up spliceosomes
What are SnRN's (Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins)?
The one gene-one enzyme theory was modified to...
What is the one gene- one protein theory?
*States that each gene codes for one protein, modified because not all proteins are enzymes. Originally discovered because 3 types of arginine deficient mold, each lacking a different enzyme*
Mutations that code for the wrong amino acid
What is a missense mutation?
Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
What are mutagens?
Promotors that signal transcription
What is the start point?
*Usually extends several dozen nucleotide pairs upstream of the start point*
Helps translate mRNA and transfer amino acids to a polyeptide chain in a ribosome
What is tRNA (transfer RNA)?