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Tympanic membrane splits the ear canal between what two regions?
Outer and middle ear
Children have more horizontal eustachian tubes- what does this lead to?
More ear infections
What allows CSF to flow into the bloodstream?
Arachnoid Villus
auditory cortex is in what lobe of the brain?
temporal
Arousal, sleep, and BP are controlled mainly in what area of the brain?
Hypothlamus
What is formed by tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the brain to prevent toxins from entering?
Blood Brain Barrier
Anterograde vs Retrograde Amnesia
Remembering old info
acid is what taste receptor
basic is what taste receptor
acid- sour
basic- bitter
3- oculomotor
4- Trochlear
6- Abducens
What kind of receptor is in the retina? In the ear for hearing?
Photoreceptor
Mechanoreceptor
Where is one of the main areas in the brain for hunger and thirst drive?
Hypothalamus
What are the two main areas of the brain needed for language? What do they do?
Brocas- Production of speech
Wernickes- Understanding of speech
Frequency of AP for hearing means what about sound's characteristics?
Sound
What 3 areas of the brain, if damaged, would leave someone to have no emotions?
Amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
Sound moves from what part to what part of the cochlea?
Oval window to Helicotrema
Loudness is noted how by the body? Pitch?
Loudness- frequency of AP
Frequency of sound wave (pitch) location on cochlear duct
High-frequency sounds have ___ energy. Therefore they move ____ down the cochlea to signify a difference in _____
Less, not as far, pitch
What 3 parts of the ear amplify the vibration in the ear?
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Conductive, Central, or Sensorineural
Conductive- damage in outer/middle ear (ear wax)
Central- damage between the ear and cerebral cortex
Sensorineural- damage of the inner ear (like hair cells)
What part of the eye focuses light so it's clear? What is the clearest region of the retina? Where would the vision be especially bad (blind spot)?
Lens focuses
Fovea is sharpest region
Optic disc is blind spot
What are the 5 basic tastes? What do they sense for?
Sweet (GPRC, gustducin)
Bitter (GPRC, gustducin)
Umami (glutamate, GPRC, gustducin)
Sour (H+ ions,, IRC)
Salt (sodium, IRC)
What kind of receptors decrease action potentials even though there is a constant signal? What is the other type?
How does the body get itself to ignore these? *the names
Tonic- Habituation
Phasic- Sensory Adaptation
What parts of the head allows your body to know its proprioception? What kind of equilibrium? Why does your body get dizzy?
Saccule + Utricle- Static equilibrium (head position)
Semicircular canal- Dynamic equilibrium (spinning)
In semicircular canals- the fluid is still spinning but cupula stopped
SNS vs PNS in dilation/constriction of pupils?
Light reflex- PNS- shine a light in your eye, other should do the same thing
Dark reflex- SNS- protect night vision so not contralateral, more complex
Hyperopia vs Myopia
What happens to eye shape in each? How do the eyes look behind glasses? Where is the focal point? Near or far sighted?
Hyperopia- bigger eyes behind glasses, eye is too round, focal point behind eye, far sighted
Myopia- smaller eyes behind glasses, eye is too long, focal point too close, near sighted, more common