Origin of life
What is the name of the super continent that existed 200-300 million years ago?
Pangea.
How do you calculate percentage differences of each organism compared to humans?
number of amino acid different from humans/104 X 100
What is an inherited trait that increases an organism's chance of surviving and reproducing in it environment?
Adaptations.
What does the p stand for?
The frequency of the DOMINANT allele.
What is gene flow?
Movement of genes from 1 population to another.
What is a species?
(2 important keypoints)
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing a fertile offspring.
a) 2 animals breed together in a zoo on their own
b) 2 animals with likable traits breed on their own
c) 2 animals with likable traits get bred by people that chose the animals
What are the 2 equations for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
a) p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
b) p + q = 1
What is genetic drift?
A random change in frequency of a gene variant within a population over time
What is the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures?
homologous structures: same structure and different function
analogous structures: different structure and same function
What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
natural selection: driven by environmental pressures
artifical selection: driven by human intervention
What does the 1 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
The sum of allele frequencies in a population.
How does gene flow affect genetic variation?
It increase genetic variation within a population bu introducing new alleles.
Name 5 evidences of evolution
vestigial structures
biogeography
comparative anatomy
comparative embryology
genetic evidence
descent with modification
fossil records
A polar bear surviving in the harsh cold and a black bear dying in the same environment is an example of what?
survival of the fittest
What are the 3 conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
a) no migration
b) stable
c) large population
What is the difference between founder effect and bottleneck effect?
founder effect: occurs in where a small group of individuals are separated
bottleneck effect: when most of the population is killed off
What is the Miller-Urey experiment?
How does biogeography support the idea of common ancestry?
Shows how species distribution are influenced by geological and environmental factors over time.
What is the difference between Lamarck's theory and Darwin's theory?
Lamarck's theory: organisms acquire traits during their lifetime and pass these onto their offspring
Darwin's theory: natural selection favor those with advantageous traits, which are passed onto their offspring
In a population of 1,000 individuals, 160 show the recessive phenotype for a particular trait. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? What is percent of the population is heterozygous for the trait?
(show full work for 500 points)
frequency of dominant allele: 0.6
percent of population that is heterozygous: 48%
step 1) q2 = 160/1000 = 0.16
step 2) q = √q2 = √0.16 = 0.4
step 3) p + q = 1 → p = 1 - q → p = 1 - 0.4 → p = 0.6
step 4) 2pq = 2 x 0.4 x 0.6 = 0.48 → 48%
The evolution of several hundred species of fruit flies on different Hawaiian islands is an example of?
Founder effect.