She's sensitive
What is hypersensitivity rxn?
Involves the sensitization to an antigen by prior exposure. Once and animal is sensitized, subsequent re-exposure to that antigen may lead to an excessive rxn
What is the main difference between Primary and Secondary immunodeficiencies
Primary- a disease that occurs on it own - Inherited/Congential
Secondary- disease that occurs as a consequence of another disease - environmental factors
What is self tolerance?
The ability of the immune system to recognize self
What are auto antigens
Antibodies against self; can be found in healthy individuals and likely play a role in removal of senescent or damaged cells
What does a toxic neutrophil indicate
-Acute inflammation
What type of hypersensitivity rxn is this:
Binding of target-cell by antibodies leads to the destruction of the cell via complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis
type 3
What primary immunodeficiency involves neutrophils that are mature but still have rounded nuclei
Pelger-Heut
T/F- autoantigens = self antigens
What of the following is not a potential cause of autoimmunity?
A- Target tissue is in a privileged site
B- The body does not share antigenic epitopes
C- Dysfunction of regulatory T-cells
D- Alterations of self-antigens
T
B- does share epitopes
You get a call from a producer reporting a beef calf they found on pasture that the mother abandoned. It has defiantly been more than 24 hours. How do you ensure the calve is going to receive passive immunity
Plasma from dam via IV
name 2 examples of type 4 hypertensives
Contact dermatitis
Tuberculin skin test
Contact dermatitis is an example of what type of hypersensitivity?
Equine recurrent airway obstruction, and leishmaniasis are examples of what type of hypersensitivity?
Type 4
Type 3
This immunodeficiency is common in grey collies.
Puppies may have a delay in would healing, stunted growth, and high mortality.
Animals with this condition have profound neutropenia
Canine cyclic hematopoiesis
T-cells and antibodies can cause tissue damage. By what mechanisms do these cause tissue damage in autoimmunity?
T-cell mediated damage (type 4 response)- delay
Antibody mediated damage- cytotoxic- (type 2) and immune complex deposition antibodies- (type 3)
What are three potential causes of failure of passive transfer
Failed production via dam
Failure to suckle
Failure to absorb- gut closure
What cell can a reactive lymphocyte be confused with?
-A animal that is experiencing Glucocorticoid-related Lymphopenia- What can you expect to be elevate and decreased on a leukogram
neoplastic cell
Segs and monos- increased
Lympho and eos- diseased
T/F- a type 3 rxn involves binding of a target-cell by antibodies leas to the destruction of the cell via complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis
T/F- Type 1 rxn requires exposure
T/F- Type 4 rxn happens within hours
F- Type 3 hypersen. rxn is: Exposure to an antigen results in the immune complex formation which activates the complement system and causes inflammation
T
F- days (delayed)
T/F- profound deficiency of Both B and T lymphocytes is commonly knows as Pelger-Huet anomaly
What disease can cause abnormal platelet function and can cause significant bleed?
F- severe combined immunodeficiency
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
T/F- after the initial break in self-tolerance, the ongoing damage recruits more neutrophils and monocytes response- perpetuating the autoimmune response known as determinant spreading
What is immune-mediated hemolytic amenia?
F- T-cells and B-cells are recruited
Autoantibodies bind to erythrocytes and cause anemia (type 2)
How does the importance of clinical history vary between animals with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies
Primary: Often caused by a commensal organism or vaccine
Secondary: Comorbidity (simultaneous presence of two or more diseases ) common, immunodeficiency component of disease can be mild to sever, normally caused by uncontrolled commensal organisms
What are the hallmark features of acute inflammation?
How does a physiologic shift cause neutrophilia?
-neutrophilia w/ a regenerative Lt shift
Epi or norepi cause a shift from the migrated pool top the circulating pool- the force of blood pressure caused them to drop off
Matching
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
A- Immune mediated neutropenia
B-Exposure of an antigen causes reactivation of memory T cells which move to the site of exposure and release cytokines
C- Antigen cross-links with IgE leading to degranulation. Mast cell degranulation leads to release of preformed mediators
D- Blue eye phenomenon
Type 1- C
Type 2- A
Type 3- D
Type 4
Describe Common variable immunodeficiency-
Specific deficiencies of _____, _____,. and _____ are described when referring to Specific deficiencies of primary class immunoglobulin
Common variable immunodeficiency- B lymphocytes produce little to no antibody
IgG, IgM, IgA
T/F-Autoimmune endocrine disease is a multisystemic disease- not organ specific
List factors that may influence the choice of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with autoimmune disease
F- Lupus Erythematosus- multisystemic disease- not organ specific
Autoimmune endocrine disease-T-cell mediated destruction
--Evidence for use in a particular disease process Mechanism of action
Cost Side effects -- in general and for your specific patient
Describe in general terms the therapeutic approach to autoimmune diseases (endocrine vs. other)
-Generally, treat with immunosuppressive medications to dampen the damaging autoimmune reaction and stop ongoing tissue damage (ex. pred)
***Endocrine diseases are exceptions: treat with deficient hormones ****
T/F endotoxemia causes neutrophilia
What are the causes of lymphopenia (2)
How is Lymphoproliferative neoplasms a cause for lymphocytosis
-F, Neutropenia- endotoxins cause neutrophils to increase adhesion molecules causing the neutrophils to move from circulating pool to marginating pool. It also promotes release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow
-Acute inflammation, Glucocorticoids
-Uncontrolled clonal proliferation may spread to blood and nodes from marrow (leukemia) or to marrow and blood from lymph nodes (lymphoma)*