Organelles & Compartmentalization
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes cellular products.
What is the type of molecule required for cell specialization?
Morphogens
What is transcription?
the process by which DNA nucleotides are transcribed into mRNA through complementary base pairing
too high temperature, deviating pH from optimal
What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus houses genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
What are the two key characteristics of stem cells?
The ability to self-renew and the capacity to differentiate into various cells.
What is the role of RNA polymerase?
Adds RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand.
Substrate-enzyme complex, induced fit model
What is the purpose of vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?
Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste products.
Explain the difference between multipotent, totipotent and pluripotent cells?
ability to specialize:
- totipotent: ability to specialize into all the types of body cells in an organism
- pluripotent: ability to specialize into all the types of body cells in an organism except the placental cells or embryonic stem cells
- multipotent: mature adult stem cells
What is the difference between free and bound ribosomes?
Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use within the cell, while bound ribosomes produce proteins for secretion or incorporation into membranes.
What is the active site in an enzyme?
The site where the substrate binds to the enzyme and the catalyzing reactions of an enzyme takes place
What is the advantage of separating the nucleus and cytoplasm?
mRNA splicing, post-transcriptional modification
What does degeneracy in the genetic code mean?
multiple codons or triplets of nucleotides code for the same amino acid
What are the steps of translation?
1. Initiation: Ribosome binds to mRNA and recognizes the start codon. 2. Elongation: tRNAs bring amino acids, forming peptide bonds. 3. Termination: A stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide is released.
What is the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate?
Reaction rate increases with substrate concentration until it reaches maximum when all active sites are saturated.