Key Dates
In the 1830s, French missionaries arrived in this [place] to establish Catholic churches.
Algeria
French missionaries arrived in Algeria to spread this religion.
Christianity
This French policy favored Kabyles over Arabs, portraying them as more civilized.
Divide and rule
This language replaced Arabic as the official language of Algeria under French rule.
French
Under French rule, Algerian literacy rates were extremely low, with only this percentage able to read and write.
10%
In 1848, Algeria was declared [....], making it an official part of France instead of a colony.
An extension of France
French colonization was partly fueled by competition with these European powers.
Spain, Portugal, and Britain
This French general became the first Governor-General of Algeria and enforced direct rule.
Thomas Robert Bugeaud
While modern infrastructure like healthcare was introduced, it primarily benefited this group in Algeria.
Europeans
The French educational system created divisions between these two groups of Algerians.
Educated and uneducated Algerians
Crémieux Decree
This decree in 1870 granted citizenship to Algerian Jews and Christians but excluded Muslims.
The French believed it was their duty to "enlighten" Algerians, an idea tied to this mission.
Civilizing mission
The French replaced local systems in Algeria with this type of governance.
Direct rule
Algerian women were pressured to abandon these traditional garments under French efforts to Westernize society.
Chadors
Limited education under French rule primarily targeted this group of Algerians.
Kabyles
In 1882, this law allowed French authorities to arbitrarily impose surnames on Algerians.
Civil Status Law
This term describes the French effort to assimilate Algerians by teaching them the French language, culture, and history.
Assimilation
Over half a million Algerians died during these French efforts to suppress resistance.
Pacification
The Crémieux Decree created social divisions by denying full citizenship to people of this religion.
Islam
The French designed their education policies to weaken this among Algerians.
Intellectual autonomy
Between 1830 and 1871, the French used warfare to suppress rebellions, resulting in the deaths of this many Algerians.
500,000 to 1 million
By colonizing Algeria, the French aimed to glorify their culture and diminish Algerian traditions, reflecting this ideology.
Nationalism
During colonization, the systematic destruction of mosques and schools aimed to weaken these two pillars of Algerian society.
Religion and education
Algerians who converted to Christianity and adopted French culture were granted these rights.
Equal citizenship and suffrage
The French education system prioritized teaching these three aspects of their own culture.
French language, history, and culture