Perception, Action, Learning in Infancy
The first gross motor milestone experienced by an infant is ______. The first fine motor milestone experienced by an infant is ______, sparked by the _____ reflex.
The first gross motor milestone experienced by an infant is Head control. The first fine motor milestone experienced by an infant is pre-reaching, sparked by the tonic neck.
There are two strategies for expanding vocabulary. Name each and briefly describe what they entail.
Expressive - phrases are more social in nature
Referential - isolated concrete words referring to objects in world around infant
If a child is exposed to a second language between the years of 0-3, they are ________, while those exposed to a second language after the age of 3 are referred to as ________.
simultaneous bilingual
sequential bilingual
By age 2-3, children form _________, or smaller groups within categories. Can you give an example?
Category hierarchies
True or false: Early infancy is a critical period for language development, meaning aspects of language are difficult to develop afterward
true!
The infant's ability to control their head and neck before they are able to control their limbs is an example of ______ development.
Cephalocaudal
Around 7 months, infants begin to ____, or repeat syllables and sounds. There are two kinds... can you name each and briefly describe what occurs?
reduplicated babbling = repetition of same sound (mamamama)
canonical babbling = approximating sounds of words they are familiar with (ma-ma, da-da)
The _______ theory of bilingual development proposes that bilingual children initially have one underlying language system that allows them to acquire both languages simultaneously.
unitary language
Children develop an understanding of the similarities and differences between their own and others' thinking, as well as how thinking influences behavior. This is called ______.
Theory of mind
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience difficulties in social interaction and communication. It has been theorized that impairment in _____ mechanisms might be a leading factor in these difficulties.
Theory of mind
Advances in physical activity enhance the strength of ______ and improve cognitive flexibility.
Pointing is a way in which physical development influences with _________ development.
neural connections
language
Language consists of 4 complex systems. What are they and can you briefly describe what they entail?
Phonology - sounds
Grammar - morphology and syntax
Semantics - lexicon and concepts
Pragmatics - language use
Multiple choice: Which of the following is/are example(s) of a grammatical error(s) commonly made by young children during the grammar development stage?
A. "I goed to the store" B. "Look at my tooths!"
C. "Let's count sheeps!" D. "I no like that."
All of them
(overegularization)
Pretend play is important for development because _____
it expands understanding of the social world and other people's emotions and thinking.
Noam Chomsky believed key aspects of language (such as grammar) are ____, while Jerry Bruner believed language and grammar are ____.
innate
learned through social interaction
_____ can influence the timing of the motor development milestones.
Sociocultural factors
Environmental factors
Around 9 months, infants begin using proto ____ (linguistic commands) and ____ (statements), which are early forms of ____.
imperatives
declaratives
pragmatics
_____________ is the practice of alternating between multiple languages to communicate and learn. It can help students develop ________ towards multilingualism.
Translanguaging
a positive attitude
The development of causal reasoning often develops between ____ and _____ (age).
6 and 12 months
Describe the process of conversations skills acquisition
1. Break into the speech stream
2. Develop a lexical base
3. Develop grammatical knowledge
Each new motor skill is the result of 4 factors. What are they?
Central Nervous System development
Body's movement capacity
Child's goal
Environmental supports
Describe the LAD, who created this theory and tell us where it locates in terms of the nature/nurture theme.
The Language Acquisition Device (LAD), a concept proposed by Noam Chomsky, it's an innate faculty or "mechanism" within the brain that enables humans, especially children, to acquire and understand language.
Bilingualism is usually defined as having __________ linguistic skills in two or more languages. However, there is greater ___________ variability in how fast children acquire the two languages.
comparable
individual
A 5 year old is shown a box of chocolate and is asked to guess what's inside. They answer "chocolate." When the box is opened, the child sees that there are actually rocks inside. When asked what another child would guess to be inside the box, the 5 year old says "chocolate." This exemplifies the resolution of the _________.
false belief problem - a common tool in child development research used to assess a child's understanding of others' mental states, specifically their ability to recognize that someone else might hold a belief that differs from their own, even if that belief is incorrect.
For ______________ any developing higher cognitive skill appears on two psychological planes __________ and ___________.
Vygotskian theory
interpsychological
intrapsychological