Mendel I
Who was Gregor Mendel?
Teacher, and Scholar; Father of Modern Genetics
Define Homozygous dominant
Having two copies of the same dominant allele for a gene (AA).
What is Epistasis
A gene interaction where one gene interferes with the phenotypic expression of another gene or genes
What is the Ratio for a Monohybrid Cross
3:1
Define Hemozygous
A condition where an individual has only one copy of a gene instead of two copies
What did Mendel Uncover About Hybrid Inheritance
3:1 Monohybrid Ratio of Phenotypes,
Dominant Alleles will always prevail over recessive alleles every time; 1:2:1 Heterozygous Genotype ratio.
Dihybrid Ratio 9:3:3:1
Define Punnett Square
A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a genetic cross
What is Pleiotropy
The occurrence where one gene affects several traits
9:3:3:1
Define Autosomal Dominant
Characteristics determined by a dominant allele located on an autosomal chromosome
Define F1 Generation
First filial generation resulting from a cross-mating of distinctly different parental types.
What is the outcome of a pairing between 2 true-breeding parents? (DD, dd)
Heterozygous Offspring (Dd)
what genotypes are present in individuals with each of the four phenotypes?
I^A,I^A or I^A,i = Blood Type A
I^B,I^B or I^B,i =Blood Type B
I^A I^B = Blood Type AB
i,i = Blood Type O
(AaBbCCDdee), Determine the number of unique gametes.
8 Unique Gametes
Define Autosomal Recessive
Characteristics are determined by a recessive allele located on an autosomal chromosome
Define F2 Generation
Second filial generation resulting from a cross-mating of distinctly different parental types.
What is incomplete dominance? How can you recognize when incomplete dominance is occurring?
An instance where neither allele is dominant over the other, which results in a mixing of both parents’ phenotypes.
Offspring have a third phenotype not shared with either parent; phenotype is a blend of parental phenotypes
What is a lethal allele? How does it impact Mendelian ratios?
Alleles that cause death to the organism that carries the allele; it reduces the ratio due to an offspring being immediately killed off due to their genotype
Define Product Rule
The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of probabilities of the individual events.
Horizontal pattern of inheritance
An Indicator of a Recessive Trait being passed through a family tree through a pedigree chart
Explain how Mendel crossed plants to achieve a hybrid. What was his technique called?
Mendel removed stamens from one plant and transferred pollen to the stigma of another plant; cross-pollination/cross-breeding
What is codominance? How can you recognize when codominance is occurring?
Neither allele is completely dominant over the other, and both are expressed separately
Offspring shows a third phenotype, different from each parent; both parental traits appear in offspring
Explain how blood typing works – what genotypes are present in individuals with each of the four phenotypes?
Your blood typing corresponds with your antigen (Ex, Blood Type A produces A-Antigen), AB produces both due to having both A and B blood types. Blood Type O is the only exception as it produces zero antigens.
Define Sum Rule
The probability of either two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their probabilities
What is Vertical Inheritance an Indicator Of?
An Indicator of a Dominant Trait being passed down through a pedigree chart