Bio Basics
What type of bond does an oxygen molecule form when it slightly bonds to the hydrogen of another molecule?
Hydrogen bonding
What type of cellular exchange is the ingestion of large particles into the cell?
Phagocytosis
What is a difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration (cellular respiration = makes a lot of ATP and uses oxygen
Do plants do photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Yes! Photosynthesis makes the glucose. Cellular respiration breaks it down after. Cycle continues
What causes evolution? (one word answer)
Mutations! Evolution is the change in DNA in an organism's genome over its lifetime.
What type of bonds bond amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
How do a ligand and a receptor interact?
Ligand binds to a receptor and can change its shape to get a specific job in the cell done
What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
NADPH and FADH2 drop off electrons in light dependent so the light independent can make glucose.
What two cellular events contribute to genetic variation in gametes after Meiosis?
Crossing over and Independent assortment
Hardy-Weinberg is an equation produced in a perfect world. What type of event could cause a change in allele frequency and therefore not allow for Hardy-Weinberg to take place?
Any type of gene flow!
How does pH affect protein structure and function?
pH changes the H+ ions in a solution, so protein shape/function in changed!
What does it mean when a signal is amplified during a signal-transduction pathway?
The signal is made stronger through the cell
What is a feedback mechanism when relating to cells?
The product of a cellular process can encourage or inhibit (stop) the same reaction from happening again.
Promoter
DNA polymerase acts as a _______________ because it checks and corrects mistakes made during DNA replication by removing incorrect nucleotides and replacing them with correct ones.
Name an organelle in the secretory pathway for proteins from a cell.
Rough ER, vesicle, ribosome, golgi complex
What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?
Autocrine = signals itself
What do cyclins and CDKs do in the cell cycle?
They regulate the cell's ability to divide and stop dividing.
Why do post-transcriptional modifications (3' poly A tail, 5' cap, mRNA splicing) help the mRNA?
It prevents the mRNA from breaking up before it gets to the ribosome.
What is the difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation?
Allopatric happens because of physical barriers or geographical separations. Sympatric happens in the same area, but no geographical isolation.
What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Keeps the cell membrane from becoming to rigid when the cell is experiencing cold temperatures.
How does the breaking of a phosphate off of ATP power other cell processes?
The energy released from breaking the bond can power other things.
Name three differences between DNA and RNA.
Type of sugar, single vs double stranded, location, bases
Describe the process of translation using the words: tRNA, mRNA, ribosome, amino acid, protein
tRNA reads the mRNA that was brought to the ribosome and brings in the matching amino acids to make a growing protein chain.
Name 2 post-zygotic isolating methods?
Hybrids cannot produce viable offspring.