Scientific Attitude, thinking, and arguments
Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility
Why does Psychology need to be a science?
Because researchers, when analyzing their study, need to use scientific reasoning to accurately support their hypothesis.
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Analyze
6. Conclude and share
What are ethics in psychology?
Guidelines set in place to protect adults, children, groups, and animals in a study from harm.
Name the two types of data
Quantitative and Qualitative
In a way that avoids false or fantastical conflusions.
What are cognitive biases?
Unconcious systematic errors that occur when an individual processes information in the context of their environment, which influences their decisions and judgements.
What are peer reviewers?
Scientific experts who evaluate a study's legitamacy, theory, originality, and accuracy before it is published.
Name the general research methods that are allowed on the AAQ Part A.
Experiment, Case Study, naturalistic observation, correlational-studies, meta-analysis
A normal distribution is represented by this kind of curve
A symetrical, single peaked, bell-shape curve
The scientific attitude leads to this type of thinking
Critical thinking
What is the general "equation" that is considered in psychology
Critical thinking/Common sense
What do theories do in psychological science?
Theories can help explain behaviors and events using ideas that organize observations.
Name the three additional research methods that are not accepted in the AAQ Part A
Twin Studies, Longitudinal studies, Cross-Sectional studies
What is, a)descriptive statistics, and, b)what are the basic measures of the central tendencies
a) Where numerical data is collected, analyzed, and applied, to describe characteristics of a group
b) Mean, Median, Mode
Why is it so important to develop critical thinking skills?
To not see the world in black and white and believe misinformation
How can cognitive biases distort reality?
By causing us to think subjectively which leads to distorted judgement, uninformed decision making, and false conclusions
What is falsifiability and why is it important?
Falsifiability is the chance of an observation or experiment that contradicts your idea.
This is important because it shows scientific validity, testability, and ficticious claims.
How do researchers like their laboratory environment and why?
What does percentile rank measure?
The percentage of scores that are less than a given score
Critical thinking is the disciplined process of actively applying, analyzing, and evaluating information as a guide to belief and action. The framework that applies to critical thinking is what?
Paul-Elder framework
Name all of the types of cognitive biases listed in the Unit 0 slides.
Hindsight bias, Overconfidence, Perceiving Order in Random Events, Confirmation Bias, Self-report bias, Social-desirablilty bias, Experimenter bias, Self-serving bias, Actor-observer bias
What is the importance of operation definitions for other researchers?
It provides a clear and precise explanation that is measurable and easy to replicate for other researchers.
List the ethical considerations a researcher have to make sure they don't violate
1. Institutional review board
2. Institutional Animal Care and Use commitee
3. Voluntary participation
4. Informed consent
5. Informed assent
6. Deception
7. Confederates
8. Right to withdraw
9. Confidentiality
10. Freedom from long term harm
11. Deception
a) What does inferential statistics allow us to do?
b) What can it indicate?
a) Generalize the data to a population
b) Whether or not data is statistically significant