Rulers and Dynasties
This French monarch, known as the "Sun King," ruled for over 72 years and greatly expanded France's territory and influence.
Who is Louis XIV?
This event in 1618 marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, a conflict that involved most European powers and resulted in devastating loss of life and property.
What is the Defenestration of Prague?
This Polish astronomer proposed a heliocentric model of the universe in the early 16th century, laying the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This Spanish painter, known for his vivid use of color and dramatic compositions, is considered one of the greatest artists of the Spanish Golden Age.
Who is Diego Velázquez?
This Dutch trading company, established in 1602, played a crucial role in colonizing the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and securing Dutch dominance in the spice trade.
What is the Dutch East India Company?
This English monarch was executed in 1649, marking the end of the English Civil War and the beginning of the Commonwealth period.
Who is Charles I?
This treaty, signed in 1648, ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, allowing rulers to determine the religion of their own states.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
This English scientist is credited with formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation in his work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" published in 1687.
Who is Isaac Newton?
This English playwright, known for his tragedies such as "Hamlet," "Macbeth," and "King Lear," is often regarded as the greatest writer in the English language.
Who is William Shakespeare?
This English company, chartered in 1600, was granted a monopoly on English trade with the East Indies and played a significant role in establishing English presence in India.
What is the English East India Company?
This dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917, overseeing significant territorial expansion and modernization efforts.
What is the Romanov dynasty?
This English conflict, also known as the Great Rebellion, was fought between the Royalists (Cavaliers) and the Parliamentarians (Roundheads) from 1642 to 1651.
What is the English Civil War?
This Italian scientist's observations with his telescope confirmed the heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric views of the Catholic Church.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
This Italian sculptor and architect created masterpieces such as the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and designed the famous baldachin in St. Peter's Basilica.
Who is Gian Lorenzo Bernini?
This English philosopher and statesman advocated for mercantilist economic policies and is credited with laying the foundation for British imperialism in his work "Leviathan."
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
This Spanish king, known as "the Bewitched," faced numerous challenges to his authority, including the Revolt of the Catalans and the Guerra de los Segadores.
Who is Philip IV of Spain?
This French king, known for his policy of religious tolerance with the Edict of Nantes, faced opposition from the Catholic League and was assassinated in 1610.
Who is Henry IV of France?
This French philosopher and mathematician is known for his phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am") and his development of Cartesian dualism.
Who is René Descartes?
This Dutch painter is known for his masterpieces such as "The Night Watch" and is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age.
Who is Rembrandt van Rijn?
This French minister of finance under Louis XIV implemented mercantilist policies to bolster France's economy, including promoting industry and imposing tariffs on foreign goods.
Who is Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
This Swedish king is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of the 17th century, leading Sweden to prominence in the Thirty Years' War.
Who is Gustavus Adolphus?
This religious group, persecuted in England for their radical beliefs, established the colony of Rhode Island in 1636 as a haven for religious freedom.
Who are the Puritans or Pilgrims?
This Englishman, known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry," is credited with the discovery of oxygen and the development of the scientific method.
Who is Robert Boyle?
This French playwright, known for his comedies such as "Tartuffe" and "The Misanthrope," is considered one of the greatest masters of French literature.
Who is Molière?
This treaty, signed in 1667, marked the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War and influenced colonial powers' territorial and trade rights in various regions.
What is the Treaty of Breda?