18th Century European Economics
Agriculture changed from largely subsistence farming to industrial scale farming following the passage of these laws which were first produced in Britain, but eventually spread to the rest of Europe.
What are the Enclosure Acts
Despite new ideas about government produced during the Enlightenment, most European governments still had some form of this type of government.
What is an absolute monarchy?
Spanish King Charles II of Spain named this Frenchmen as his heir, launching the War of the Spanish Succession.
Who is Phillip of Anjou (or the Duke of Anjou)
Britain's goal in this war was to cripple France as an economic power and commercial rival.
What is the Seven Years War?
Under the Estate System, only this group was expected to carry the tax burden for their country.
What was the Third Estate?
Agricultural production caused THIS to spike, placing a strain on European jobs and housing and leading people to seek opportunities in overseas colonies.
What is the population?
This extension of executive power was used by monarchs to facilitate everything from tax collection to oversight of expanding, professional militaries.
What is a bureaucracy?
What fear motivated Britain and other European powers to unite against Phillip's ascension to the Spanish throne?
What is the fear of the Bourbon monarchy controlling Spain and France, including their militaries and colonial possessions?
A global war, the Seven Years War was fought across the globe. It's name in North America was what?
What is the French and Indian War?
This first estate contained members of this group.
Who are the Clergy?
A known, but unapplied technique, this strategy for farming involved planting several different crops and switching the fields in which they were grown so that the soil could replenish.
What is crop rotation?
At the beginning of the 18th Century, these five European countries emerged as the top powers.
Who are Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia?
This agreement legitimized Maria Theresa's ascent to the Austrian throne, only for it to be violated by Prussia.
What is the Pragmatic Sanction?
Both France and Britain wracked up massive amounts of War Debt in the Seven Years War. What did Britain gain from France that made the debt easier for them to handle?
What are France's colonial possessions?
The Second Estate contains members of this group (although not the monarch).
What is the Nobility/Aristocracy?
The presence of these institutions stabilized currency, fought inflation, and assisted governments in managing their money and finances.
What are National Banks?
Self interest in 18th Century Europe necessitated a Balance of Power. However, that did not mean peace. What was a key feature of 18th Century Europe's "Balance of Power" that typically produced war?
What is the construction of larger militaries and/or competition for colonial holdings?
Prussia began the War of the Austrian Succession due to their invasion of THIS territory, which they kept even after Austria won the war and Maria Theresa kept the crown.
What is Silesia?
Britain's attempt to pay off war debt by taxing colonists, who believed they were being taxed without representation, launched this war.
What is the American Revolution?
By keeping people in their place with a rigid class system that allowed for no mobility out of that class and applied different laws and standards to members of each class, the Estate System violated this Enlightenment idea championed by Rousseau.
What is Equality?
Rural populations became jobless due to the agricultural revolution. As a result rural workers emigrated to cities to work in THIS new type of work space.
What are factories?
These two countries, one which was ascending and one which was declining, were the two dominant powers in Europe entering the 18th century.
Who are France and Britain?
The 18th century chapter of the book of THESE TWO countries' bitter rivalry began playing out across both wars for succession.
Who are Britain and France?
France sided with the Americans and helped them to victory over the British. What benefits did France receive from the American Revolution?
What is nothing?
The Estate System thrived under this form of government because it disempowered challenges to government by the people.
What is Absolute Monarchy?