Politics & Power (1920s)
This amendment, ratified in 1920, expanded democracy by granting women the right to vote.
19th Amendment
This artistic and cultural movement centered in New York celebrated African American literature, music, and identity.
Harlem Renaissance
This risky stock practice allowed investors to borrow money to buy stocks.
buying on margin
Hoover believed this philosophy — that individuals and businesses should solve problems without heavy federal intervention.
rugged individualism
In his first 100 days, FDR focused primarily on stabilizing this sector of the economy.
banks / the banking system
President Warren G. Harding promised this return to pre-WWI stability and traditional values.
“Return to Normalcy”
This belief favored native-born Americans and led to immigration restrictions in the 1920s.
Nativism
Besides the stock market crash, overproduction, underconsumption, and this banking weakness contributed to the Depression.
bank instability / lack of federal regulation / no FDIC
This agency provided loans to banks and businesses but not directly to individuals.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
This act reopened stable banks and restored public confidence.
Emergency Bank Relief Act
This scandal involved Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall illegally leasing federal oil reserves.
Teapot Dome Scandal
This 1921 law limited immigration by establishing quotas based on national origin.
Emergency Quota Act
When depositors panicked and withdrew savings simultaneously, this financial crisis occurred.
bank run
These shantytowns were named after Hoover to symbolize public frustration.
Hoovervilles
This agency regulated the stock market to prevent corruption and fraud.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
This law enforced the 18th Amendment and defined how Prohibition would be carried out.
Volstead Act
This economic habit allowed consumers to purchase goods with borrowed money but contributed to later financial instability.
buying on credit
This environmental disaster caused massive dust storms across the Great Plains
Dust Bowl
Toward the end of his presidency, Hoover increased spending on these to create jobs.
public works programs
This program provided jobs building roads, schools, parks, and public buildings.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Although intended to promote peace, this 1928 agreement lacked enforcement mechanisms and failed to prevent global conflict.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
This controversial trial reflected anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiment when two Italian immigrants were convicted amid weak evidence.
Sacco and Vanzetti trial
This group of WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding early payment of bonuses.
Bonus Army
Hoover opposed direct federal relief because he feared it would create this long-term dependency.
government dependency / erosion of self-reliance
This proposal to add Supreme Court justices damaged FDR’s reputation.
court packing