Eligibility
At what age does routine mammogram screening typically begin for average-risk women?
Age 40.
Does having a family history of breast cancer increase my risk?
Yes, having a family history, especially if a close relative like a mother, sister, or daughter has had breast cancer, increases your risk. The risk is higher if the relative was diagnosed before age 50 or if there are multiple family members affected.
What are the main treatment options for breast cancer?
The primary treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The choice depends on the type, stage, and characteristics of the cancer.
How is breast cancer typically diagnosed?
Breast cancer is diagnosed through a combination of methods, including a physical exam, mammogram, ultrasound, biopsy, and sometimes an MRI. A biopsy, where tissue is removed and examined under a microscope, is the definitive way to diagnose breast cancer.
What is breast cancer survivorship?
Breast cancer survivorship refers to the phase after initial treatment is completed, focusing on living with, through, and beyond breast cancer. It includes follow-up care, managing long-term side effects, emotional well-being, and lifestyle adjustments.
Can men be eligible for breast cancer screening?
Yes, men with a family history of breast cancer or genetic mutations are eligible for screenings, though male breast cancer is rare.
What percentage of breast cancers are linked to family history?
About 5-10% of breast cancer cases are linked to inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. The majority of breast cancers occur in women without a family history.
What types of surgery are available for breast cancer?
The most common surgical options are lumpectomy (removal of the tumor and some surrounding tissue) and mastectomy (removal of one or both breasts). Reconstruction surgery may also be an option for those who undergo a mastectomy.
What is a mammogram, and how does it detect breast cancer?
A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast used to screen for abnormalities or changes in breast tissue that may indicate cancer. It can detect lumps or masses that are too small to be felt during a physical exam.
How often should I follow up with my doctor after breast cancer treatment?
Survivors typically have regular follow-up appointments, usually every 3 to 6 months for the first few years, then annually. These visits help monitor for cancer recurrence, manage side effects, and ensure overall health.
What makes someone eligible for breast cancer genetic testing?
People with a strong family history of breast cancer (especially if diagnosed before age 50)
If my mother had breast cancer, will I definitely get it?
No, having a mother or close relative with breast cancer increases your risk, but it doesn’t guarantee you will develop it. Other factors like lifestyle, environment, and personal health also play a role.
What is chemotherapy, and when is it used in breast cancer treatment?
Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells and is often used when the cancer has spread beyond the breast. It can be given before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) to shrink the tumor or after surgery (adjuvant therapy) to kill any remaining cancer cells.
What happens if my mammogram results are abnormal?
If your mammogram shows an abnormal area, your doctor may recommend additional tests, such as an ultrasound or biopsy, to further examine the suspicious area and determine if it is cancerous.
What are some common long-term side effects of breast cancer treatment?
Common long-term side effects can include fatigue, lymphedema (swelling in the arm or chest), nerve damage, changes in bone density, and cognitive issues (sometimes called “chemo brain”). Some survivors also experience emotional challenges, like anxiety or depression.
Who qualifies for breast cancer clinical trials?
Eligibility for clinical trials often depends on specific criteria, such as the stage of cancer, prior treatments received, overall health, and sometimes genetic markers.
Should I get genetic testing if I have a family history of breast cancer?
if you have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, especially if diagnosed at a young age, genetic testing for mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2 may be recommended. This testing can help assess your risk and guide prevention strategies.
How does hormone therapy work in breast cancer treatment?
Hormone therapy is used to treat breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive (ER+ or PR+). It works by blocking the body’s estrogen or lowering estrogen levels, which can help stop the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors.
What is a breast biopsy, and when is it needed?
A breast biopsy involves removing a small sample of breast tissue to check for cancer cells. It is usually recommended when a lump or abnormality is found on imaging tests, such as a mammogram or ultrasound, and needs further examination.
How can I reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence?
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of recurrence. This includes eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol, managing stress, and adhering to any prescribed medications like hormone therapy.
What factors determine eligibility for breast reconstruction surgery after a mastectomy?
Eligibility for breast reconstruction is usually based on factors like the patient's overall health, stage of cancer, whether they've received radiation, and personal preference.
Does breast cancer risk increase if my father’s side of the family has a history of breast cancer?
Yes, breast cancer risk is inherited equally from both the mother’s and father’s side of the family. A history of breast cancer on your father’s side (including male relatives) can increase your risk.
What is targeted therapy for breast cancer?
Targeted therapy drugs attack specific proteins or genes involved in cancer growth. One example is HER2-targeted therapy, which is used in cancers that overproduce the HER2 protein. These therapies are often less harmful to healthy cells than chemotherapy.
How is breast cancer staged after diagnosis?
Breast cancer staging is based on the size of the tumor, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and whether it has metastasized to other parts of the body. Stages range from 0 (non-invasive) to IV (advanced cancer that has spread).
What are some strategies for coping with the emotional challenges after breast cancer treatment?
Survivors may benefit from counseling, joining support groups, practicing mindfulness or meditation, engaging in physical activity, and seeking emotional support from friends and family. It’s important to address feelings of fear, anxiety, or uncertainty about the future.