People
He was the German chancellor who led the unification of Germany through "blood and iron."
Who is Otto von Bismarck
The 1832 Act restructured British parliamentary districts and extended suffrage to more middle-class men.
What is the Reform Act of 1832
This 1870–1871 war ended with the unification of Germany and the fall of Napoleon III.
What is the Franco-Prussian War
This economic system, promoted by Karl Marx, criticized capitalism and called for proletarian revolution.
What is communism
This French leader of the Romantic art movement painted Liberty Leading the People, celebrating the July Revolution of 1830.
Who is Eugène Delacroix
This Italian nationalist helped unify Italy with his Redshirts.
Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi
This reform in Russia in 1861 freed millions from forced labor.
What is the Emancipation of the Serfs
This conflict (1853–1856) pitted Russia against an alliance including Britain and France.
What is the Crimean War
This 19th-century movement emphasized a shared language, history, and culture in building nation-states.
What is nationalism
This artistic style emerged as a reaction to Romanticism and focused on real-life subjects, often of the working class.
What is Realism
He ruled France as emperor during the Second Empire until his defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
Who is Napoleon III
This movement in Britain aimed to expand democracy through a "People’s Charter"
What is Chartism
This brief war in 1866 allowed Prussia to dominate German affairs.
What is the Austro-Prussian War
A conservative reaction to Enlightenment ideals, this ideology supported monarchy and tradition.
What is conservatism
This Dutch post-impressionist painter created Starry Night and is known for his expressive brushwork and color.
Who is Vincent van Gogh
British Prime Minister known for expanding suffrage and reforms in the late 1800s.
Who is William Gladstone
This 19th-century reform movement in Britain aimed to limit child labor and improve working conditions in factories.
What are the Factory Acts
Revolts in these areas challenged Ottoman control and inspired nationalism in the Balkans
What are the Balkan uprisings
This intellectual movement stressed emotion, nature, and individualism in reaction to industrialization.
What is Romanticism
This French author wrote Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.
Who is Victor Hugo
She was a famous nurse during the Crimean War and improved hospital conditions.
Who is Florence Nightingale
This 1878 law, passed under Bismarck in Germany, aimed to suppress socialist groups by banning meetings, newspapers, and organizations.
What is the Anti-Socialist Law
This war helped Greece gain independence from the Ottoman Empire in the 1820s.
What is the Greek War of Independence
This radical 19th-century political movement rejected all forms of state authority and was associated with figures like Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
What is anarchism
This British philosopher promoted utilitarianism—"the greatest good for the greatest number."
Who is Jeremy Bentham