Taming the City
This British reformer applied Jeremy Bentham's "utilitarianism" to conclude that disease and death were the primary causes of poverty.
Who is Edwin Chadwick?
This French chemist's "germ theory" stated that specific diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.
Who is Louis Pasteur?
This term describes the rigid gender division where the middle-class man was the breadwinner and the woman stayed in the domestic "home."
What are Separate Spheres?
In his 1859 work On the Origin of Species, he argued that variations useful in the "struggle for survival" are selected naturally.
Who is Charles Darwin?
This literary movement, dominant from the 1840s to the 1890s, sought to depict life exactly as it was, often focusing on the working classes.
Realism
This 1858 event, caused by the smell of human waste in the River Thames, led to the construction of London's massive interception sewer system.
What is the Great Stink?
This English surgeon applied the "antiseptic principle" to surgery by using chemical disinfectants to clean wounds and instruments.
Who is Lister?
This highly skilled "labor elite" of the working class adopted puritanical values and frowned on drinking to maintain their status.
Who is the labor aristocracy?
This philosopher's application of biological evolution to human affairs, often used to justify imperialism, is known as Social Darwinism.
Who is Herbert Spencer?
This French author of The Human Comedy portrayed the brutal, amoral reality of post-revolutionary French society.
Who is Honoré de Balzac?
This term refers to the pre-germ theory belief that people contracted disease by breathing in the "bad odors" of decay.
What is miasmatic theory?
This German doctor developed pure cultures of harmful bacteria, allowing researchers to identify the specific organisms responsible for various diseases.
Who is Robert Koch?
By the late 19th century, this demographic trend occurred as parents began limiting the number of children they had to improve their economic position.
What is the decline in the birthrate?
This sociologist argued in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that religious ideas had sparked the rise of modern capitalism.
Who is Max Weber?
Realist writers often rejected this previous movement’s emphasis on emotion and the exotic in favor of "tough-minded" observation.
What is Romanticism?
Under the direction of Baron Georges Haussmann, this city was transformed with broad boulevards and parks to improve health and prevent revolution.
What is Paris?
In 1869, this Russian chemist codified the rules of chemistry by creating the periodic table of elements.
Who is Dmitri Mendeleev?
This was the largest category of employment for women in the 19th century, often serving as a "transition" stage before marriage.
What is domestic service (or being a servant)?
This French sociologist concluded that "anomie" (a sense of rootlessness) in urban society led to higher rates of suicide.
Who is Émile Durkheim?
This French author was famous for his "seamy" animalistic view of working-class life and his sympathy for socialism in works like Germinal.
Who is Émile Zola?
The introduction of this form of mass transit in the 1890s allowed cities to expand and reduced the "walking city" overcrowding by moving people to the outskirts.
What is the electric streetcar or trolley
This process, developed in the early 1860s, uses heat to suppress the growth of organisms in beverages to prevent spoilage.
What is pasteurization?
In the United States, working people were more likely to attend church than in Europe because American churches were often tied to this rather than the state.
What is ethnic identity?
Before Darwin, this scientist erroneously argued that characteristics acquired during a lifetime, like a giraffe stretching its neck, could be inherited.
Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck?
This female author, writing under the pen name George Eliot, explored how social environments shape human character in her Realist novels.
Mary Ann Evans?