Development Basics
The study of how humans grow and change cognitively, physically, and socially throughout their lives.
What is developmental psychology?
Development happening in fits and starts with some periods of rapid development and some of relatively little change.
What is discontinuous development?
The smallest units of sound in language.
What are phonemes?
Parenting style characterized by high demands and high responsiveness.
What is authoritative parenting?
Learning through association between two or more stimuli.
What is classical conditioning?
The interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences on development.
What is nature vs nurture?
The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen.
What is object permanence?
Vygotsky's concept of support provided to learners as they develop higher levels of thinking.
What is scaffolding?
A theory that Erikson introduced; he contended that each stage of life has its own task, a crisis that needs resolution.
What is the stage theory of psychosocial development?
Learning that becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher.
What is operant conditioning?
Substances that can harm a developing fetus.
What are teratogens?
Piaget's stage where children can perform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about actual, physical events or objects.
What is the concrete operational stage?
The period when infants produce repetitive syllables like "ba-ba".
What is babbling?
The belief in an audience that is not there and is highly attentive to one's appearance and behavior.
What is the imaginary audience?
Learning by observing and imitating others.
What is social learning theory?
The biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
What is maturation?
The type of intelligence that relies on accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
What is crystallized intelligence?
A strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver.
What is attachment?
Marcia's identity status where an individual has committed to an identity without exploration.
What is foreclosure?
Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and remains underlying until needed.
What is latent learning?
Optimal periods for certain types of development.
What are critical/sensitive periods?
Piaget's stage of cognitive development, characterized by thinking logically about abstract concepts.
What is the formal operational stage?
Theory that emphasizes the interaction between an individual and their environment.
What is ecological systems theory?
Our sense of self.
What is identity?
A learned association between a neutral stimulus and a reflexive response.
What is a conditioned response?