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Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural
In what did he acknowledge that everyone knew that slavery was, "somehow the cause of the war"
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Who lived 1803-82, wrote "Nature" in 1836 and "Self-Reliance" in 1841, made his living mainly through speaking and somewhat through writing, and argued that creeds and doctrines were a waste of time?
Salvation Army
What was founded in London in the 1860s by Methodists William and Catherine Booth, arrived in the US in 1880, and focused on supplying individual needs and getting people to better material places?
Mary Baker Eddy
Who founded Christian Science in 1879, lived from 1821-1910, believed the key to healing ourselves was in how we see ourselves, thus believed as a corollary of this that all matter, suffering, and evil are illusions, appealed generally to wealthy women, wrote Science and Health with the Key to the Scriptures in 1875, and founded the 1st Church of Christ, Scientist in BOS in 1894?
Isaac Mayer Wise
-Who lived 1819-1900?
-was a CINCY rabbi?
-founded The Israelite?
-attempted to link Judaism to the Enlightenment, particularly w/ regard to Biblical criticism and relativity?
-emphasized reason, rationality, and opportunity in US (argued Jews had found a home in US)?
-founded Hebrew Union College in 1875?
-called for singing in English, men and women sitting together, and using English rather than Hebrew prayers
-most important for arguing that the Messiah is not a person but Judaism itself, esp. when embodying ideals like justice, democracy, serving mankind, and "thoughtfully" worshipping God?
Spirituals
What gave voice to material hardships, codified the shouts (which were more spontaneous), and became the basis for black Gospel music?
Unitarianism
-What movement denied Christ's divinity (though they still might say that He is a messenger or prophet)?
-tended to focus on human ethics rather than doctrine, etc.?
-didn't believe in miracles or certain Christian doctrines?
-began and centered in BOS?
-rejected the doctrine of original sin, believing humans to be essentially good and could make progress throughout history and not juts go through the same cycle of 'war and suffering"?
-had support especially among coll. educated and middle class?
-started around 1805?
YMCA
What made "valiant efforts to sanitize the squalor and to rein in the [debauchery and rowdiness] of urban life, was a Protestant organization, and used sports as a means to lure men away from the temptations of the streets?
New Thought Movement
What was downstream from Christian Science but packaged more for the masses, took somethings out, became very American, and has spawned modern both Christian and secular DIY, happiness is the key to success movements?
Benevolent Empire
What was the "growing network of reform societies" in the early-mid 1800s, had its operations ran mainly from NY, had as some of its most prominent people Arthur and Lewis Taipan, who financed several reform projects, and at one point had a larger budget than the US government?
William Lloyd Garrison
Who lived 1805-79, boycotted slave-made products, founded the Liberator in 1831, raised Northerners' awareness of the cruelness of slavery as well as helped the system to be seen as sinful, and went so far as to say that the N should secede from the S so that it didn't soil itself by association?
Transcendentalism
What was a "radical offshoot" of Unitarianism and had as its consequences a literary tradition ("the American Renaissance"-Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and Whitman) and defined gender rules for ~ a century (beauty and emotion viewed as more feminine, women viewed as more moral-led to cult of domesticity: women were viewed as equal on moral pedestal w/in the home, leaving men to do the tough and dirty work in the immoral, tough, nasty outside world)?
Walter Rauschenbush
Who lived from 1861-1918, was a German Baptist, was one of the people most deserving of credit for applying "Christian" principles to social problems and who gave the social gospel its "firmest theological support" in A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917) and was gave the social gospel its "most untiring leadership"?
Perfectionist movements
What was of German immigrants, specifically including the Church of the Brethren, the movement itself of which was started in Lancaster county in the 1740s and was going strong until the 1770s?
Frederick Douglass
Who lived 1818-95, spoke against slavery across much of the US as well as intl'ly, urged Christians to ask hard qs about whether they could support slavery in view of their convictions, disliked the masters' hypocritical version of Christianity, but distinguished between that and more lived out Christianity?
William Ellery Channing
Who was a prototype of Unitarianism (and was its most important figure in the early 1800s), lived 1780-1842, was a pastor in BOS, believed that Jesus was a divine messenger but not God, focused on moral excellence, led the Unitarians' official break from Congregationalism, and believed the miracles and the Bible were not important any more and that supernatural revelation did not cease with the closing of the canon?
Social religious reform movements
-What included Sunday School (started 1815), the Tract Society (started 1824/5), the temperance movement (1826), anti-slavery societies (1830a), pro-women societies (1848), a missionary society, changing jails and almhouses (1843), changing insane asylums
-most often came out of Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers, Methodists, and Unitarians?
-collectively went until the 1870s-1910s?
-reflected the incoming idea that human condition could be improved?
Ralph Waldo Trine
Who lived 1866-1958, was a "prolific" writer in New Thought Movement, emphasized ability to visualize and thus receive material goods, wrote In Tune with the Infinite in 1897, tended (along with/ other New Thought supporters) to deny the personhood of God, and still thought evil was an illusion?
Perfectionism
What was routed in the teachings of Wesley and was also supported by Asbury, was a Methodist belief, was the idea that there comes a point this side of heaven where, enabled by the power of the Holy Spirit, we don't voluntarily sin any more: prob. seen by Wesley as a gradual process that culminated in a specific experience, although this was debated; and "fit beautifully" with "the tenor of the times," in which everyone believed that w/ hard work they could better themselves?
Theodore Dwight Weld
Horace Bushnell
Who lived 1802-1876, was a Congregational minister in CT, and was a liberal Protestant who challenged the substitutionary view of Christ's death, believed Bible at least parts is metaphors and had instrumental view of the Trinity, was moderate on slavery and women's suffrage, and resisted the idea of evolution?
Wealth or Abundance
-Who was Charles Sheldon?
-lived 1857-1946?
-wrote the popular novel In His Steps?
-urged people to used their money to fix social problems?
-Who was William Lawrence?
-lived 1850-1941?
-Dean of Cambridge Theological School and Episcopal Bishop in MA?
-believed that wealth has some dangers (e.g. hidden from public view) but overall make society more virtuous?
-Who was Russell Conwell?
-lived 1847-1925?
-Baptist Minister near modern Temple University?
-gave most famous talk "Acres of Diamonds" in which he asserted God wanted you to get wealth and was waiting for you to get it, you just had to take it; riches would enhance rather than hurt Christianity?
Norman Vincent Peale
-Who lived 1898-1993?
-was a Protestant minister?
-offered a "feel-good theology" shortly after WWII?
-Published The Power of Positive Thinking (1952), encouraging people that they could feel better about themselves and could beat Communism if they became happy and invoked the help of the Judeo-Christian God?
-strongly supported Nixon v. Kennedy?