Chemistry of Life
In an experiment, this group does not receive the treatment being tested, so researchers can use it as a baseline for comparison.
What is the control group?
Starch, cellulose, and table sugar all belong to this class of macromolecule.
What are carbohydrates?
Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because they have no membrane-bound version of this structure to house their DNA.
What is a nucleus?
Plants take in these two compounds as the raw materials for photosynthesis.
What are carbon dioxide and water?
Solution A has a pH of 3 and Solution B has a pH of 6. State which has more H⁺ ions and how many times more acidic it is.
What is Solution A, which is 1,000 times more acidic?
A student tests how different amounts of fertilizer affect plant height. Plant height is this type of variable.
What is the dependent variable?
When two monomers are joined into a larger molecule, a water molecule is released. This reaction is known by this name.
What is dehydration synthesis?
This organelle is packed with digestive enzymes and breaks down worn-out cell parts and ingested material.
What is a lysosome?
Glycolysis takes place in this region of the cell and does not require oxygen.
What is the cytoplasm (cytosol)?
Butter is solid at room temperature while olive oil is liquid. Explain this difference in terms of the carbon–carbon bonds in their fatty acids.
What is that butter’s saturated fatty acids have only single bonds and pack tightly together, while olive oil’s unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds that create kinks and prevent tight packing?
Water molecules sticking to one another is called this, and it explains why a water droplet beads up on a leaf.
What is cohesion?
All amino acids share the same basic backbone. This variable part is what makes each of the twenty different from the others.
What is the R group?
A red blood cell dropped into distilled water takes on too much water and bursts. This is the term for that bursting.
What is cytolysis?
The oxygen you inhale serves this role at the end of the electron transport chain, and water is formed as a result.
What is the final electron acceptor?
A cell containing 2% dissolved solute is placed in a solution containing 10% dissolved solute. State which way water moves, what happens to the cell, and how the outside solution is described relative to the cell.
What is that water moves out of the cell, the cell shrinks, and the outside solution is hypertonic?
When sodium gives up an electron to chlorine to form table salt, this type of bond holds the two ions together.
What is an ionic bond?
One strand of DNA reads A–T–G–C. The complementary strand reads this, written in the same direction.
What is T–A–C–G?
Your nerve cells use ATP to move sodium out of the cell even though sodium is already more concentrated outside. This type of transport is at work.
What is active transport?
The light reactions occur in the thylakoids, while the sugar-building Calvin cycle takes place in this fluid-filled space surrounding them.
What is the stroma?
A toxin prevents oxygen from accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. Explain why ATP production in the cell would drop dramatically even though glycolysis could still occur.
What is that the electron transport chain backs up, so the proton gradient can no longer be maintained and ATP synthase stops making ATP? Glycolysis alone yields only a small net gain of 2 ATP.
Oxygen pulls on shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen does, giving water uneven charges across the molecule. This is why water is classified as this type of molecule.
What is polar?
Cholesterol and testosterone both belong to this lipid category.
What are steroids?
A student looks through a microscope with a 10x eyepiece and a 100x objective lens. The total magnification is this.
What is 1,000x?
When oxygen is unavailable, your muscle cells convert pyruvate into lactic acid. This step is essential because it regenerates this molecule, which allows glycolysis to keep running.
What is NAD⁺?
A potted plant is sealed in a clear container and placed in complete darkness. Predict what happens to the oxygen level inside and explain why, naming the process that continues and the one that stops.
What is that oxygen decreases, because cellular respiration continues to consume oxygen while photosynthesis stops without light?