Macromolecules
6 most common elements in living organisms
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus
Small compartments within cells that perform specific functions
What are organelles
The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis
cell membrane
In what cell does photosynthesis occur?
What is the chloroplast?
Describe the base pairing rules for DNA. How does this differ with RNA?
DNA is adenine with thymine/cytosine with guanine.
RNA is adenine with uracil/cytosine with guanine
List the four classes of macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Organelle found in all cells that produces proteins
What is the ribosome?
The plasma membrane is made up of a
phospholipid bilayer
In what cell organelle does cellular respiration occur?
What is the mitochondria?
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogen base
What elements make up carbohydrates? What are carbs used for in the body?
CHO
Short term energy/structure & support
Rigid, outer covering found in plants (made of cellulose), fungi (made of chitin), and some bacteria (made of peptidoglycan)
What is the cell wall?
Explain the difference between active & passive transport
Active transport uses energy; passive transport does not.
What are the reactants & products of photosynthesis?
Reactants: Carbon Dioxide & Water
Products: Glucose & Oxygen
What are the 3 main steps of DNA replication?
2. Priming/Attaching (DNA polymerase)
3. Gluing (ligase)
What elements make up lipids? What are lipids used for in the body?
CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, some Oxygen)
Insulation, long term energy storage, cell membrane
Organelle that produces transports proteins using vesicles
What is the golgi apparatus?
What is the concentration gradient? How does this impact cell transport?
High to low. Passive transport follows the CG, active transport goes against it.
What are the reactants & products of cellular respiration?
Reactants: Glucose & Oxygen
Products: Carbon Dioxide & Water & ATP
What is transcription? Where does this happen?
When segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA. Happens in the nucleus of a cell.
What elements make up proteins?
Name two ways proteins are used by the body
CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
Transport messages within cells, structure/support (muscles), enzymes
Organelle that digests waste with hydrolytic enzymes
What is the lysosome?
Explain how water moves in a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environment
Iso= back and forth equally
Hypertonic= water leaves the cell
Hypotonic= water enters the cell
Explain how photosynthesis & cellular respiration are related
The products of one are the reactants of another. Together they make a complete cycle.
What is translation? Where does this happen?
When the codons of RNA are interpreted by the ribosomes to build amino acids for protein chains.