Cell Organelles
What is the basic unit of life?
A cell.
What are the four stages of Mitosis (not including in-between stages)?
1.)Prophase
2.) Metaphase
3.)Anaphase
4.) Telophase
What is C6H12O6?
Glucose
What does a nucleotide consist of?
A sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
What are the positive, neutral, or negative effects of DNA mutation? Are all mutations negative?
What refers to living and non-living things?
Biotic refers to living things and abiotic refers to non-living things.
If the original cell cell had 16 chromosomes, after mitosis how many identical or non-identical cells will there be and how many chromosomes will they individually have?
After mitosis there will be two identical cells with 16 chromosomes each.
The process that plants use to trap sunlight energy to make glucose.
Photosynthesis
Of the four nitrogenous groups, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine which of these pair up together in a DNA sequence.
Adenine pairs with Thymine. Cytosine pairs up with Guanine.
What are the causes of DNA mutations? Name at least two examples.
1.) Mutagens
2.) Physical Mutagens
3.) Chemical Mutagens
4.) Viruses
What organelle synthesizes proteins?
The ribosome.
What stage of Mitosis pulls apart sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase.
Which of ATP and ADP can be compared to a partially charged battery and a fully charged battery?
ADP can be compared to a partially charged battery and ATP can be compared to a fully charged battery.
What is the structure of DNA? What object does the DNA structure look alike to?
DNA has a double-helix shape and the structure looks like a twisted ladder
How do mutations alter the amino acids and genetic code of DNA?
Mutations change the nucleotide base sequence, leading to the synthesis of different amino acids by the tRNA and possibly different proteins with different functions, which may or may not change the characteristics of an organism.
What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell and converts food into energy?
The mitochondria.
What is the longest stage in the cell cycle?
Interphase.
What are the reactants of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon (CO2) and water (H2O).
The reactants of cellular respiration are glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).
What are the sides of the DNA ladder made up of?
The sides of the DNA are made up of sugar and phosphate groups.
Define what a mutagen is. Name one example of a mutagen.
A mutagen is a substance or factor that can cause changes in the nitrogen bases in a DNA sequence. An example of a mutagen is a chemical agent (like in certain pesticides and pollution), as well as viruses.
What organelle contains DNA and control's the other cell's activities? Is this organelle located in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?
The nucleus contains all DNA, and is only located in Eukaryotes.
What happens if cytokineses does not happen after mitosis?
A larger cell cell with two nuclei will be formed in the undivided cytoplasm, which did not split.
What does the acronyms, ATP and ADP stand for?
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate.
What are the three parts of DNA synthesis? What does each part do in DNA replication?
Unwinding the Double Helix
The enzyme helicase unzips the DNA strands.
Base Pairing
New nucleotides pair with exposed bases following base pairing rules.
Joining
DNA polymerase joins nucleotides and proofreads the new strands.
What is the difference between frameshift insertion/deletion and point/substitution mutation?
In point/substitution mutation only one nucleotide base is affected and the following nucleotide bases are not affected. Frameshift insertion/deletion changes more than one amino acid, and affects the following nucleotide bases, subsequently changing the succeeding amino acids on the nucleotide sequence.