Early Humanity/ river valley civls.
Where did modern humans first appear? describe their life style.
- East Africa
-Hunter-gatherers, Nomadic, relied on nature, lived in Egalitarian bands
Was Greece all united? How were cities constructed?
-Cities were similar to the past Indus ones, two levels higher is Acropolis (like Indus Citadel), lower level for public buildings/commoners.
Describe the rise of Rome, where was it located, who was it controlled by?
-Centrally located on Italian peninsula, Romans settled in hills near the Tiber River
-Initially a city-state controlled by an Etruscan King
What significance does Muhammad hold in Islam?
He is the founder of Islam
Where and how did the Mongols live?
-North of China
-They were pastoralists, living in yurts, and were raiders
Where did farming begin? What happened because of farming?
-Fertile Crescent
-Surplus of food, sedentary lifestyle, skill specialization and tech innovations
-Knowledge of agriculture spreads
Describe the city-sate of Sparta.
-Military focused
-People judged at birth for ability to serve Sparta
-Boys sent into military training at a young age (7)
-Only men that died in battle or women that died during childbirth received tombstones
Describe Rome's Republic
-Elected representatives ran government
-The Senate had the most power, was made up of Patricians that served life terms, they elected 2 consuls each year for a 1 year term
-Plebians, Law of Twelve Tables (set of laws in public view, elected tribunes to represent them in the republic and they had veto power
After Muhammad died, what did the Islamic community argue over regarding who should be his successor?
Shi'a Muslims said the Caliph should be a blood relative
Sunni Muslims said the Caliph should be chosen
Temujin, later gaining the title of Genghis Khan, did what to the Mongol tribes and what were two characteristics of how he led?
-United the Mongol tribes
-Meritocratic: promoted by skill, there was equality: spoils equally split
What are three characteristics civilizations share? BONUS: what were all four civilizations we learned about located near?
-had taxes, written language, were hierarchical *
*They were all located near rivers (Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Yellow, Yangtze )
Describe the city-state of Athens AND its government
-Birthplace of direct democracy
-Council of 500: members chosen by lot and served for one year, supervising day to day governing
-The Ecclesia: all citizens could participate in this assmbly, they debated and voted on laws
-Citizenship was limited to native athenian adult men
How did the Roman Empire expand? Who's death sparked a civil war in Rome?
Through military conquest, Julius Caesar's death
What was the Rashidun Caliphate, The Umayyad Caliphate, and The Abbasids Caliphate, what were their main accomplishments?
-Rashidun: "Rightly Guided" - first 4 Caliphs, Territorial expanison--camals were key
-Umayyad: Took power after Ali's death (last of four previously mentined caliphs) created a Dynasty
-Abbasids (aka Abbasids Empire): Golden age, founded Baghdad
What are four adjectives that could be used to describe the Mongols when they were conquering under Genghis Khan's rule?
Ruthless, Disciplined, Deceptive, and Resourceful
*think about examples/ why these adjectives described the Mongols when conquering*
Describe the Sumer region in Mesopotamia, was everyone united, and what important structure(s) were present?
- City-states are in the Sumer region, they are not united, could team up or fight against each other for resources.
-Formed around ziggurates, religious temples.
What were the two important wars we learned about, relating to Greece?
-The Persain Wars:Persia attempted to invade Greece, was defeated. This led to the Golden Age fo Athens
-The Peloponnesian War: Sparta captured Athens and ended their supremacy
Who became emperor after the civil war and led Rome into Pax Romana?
Augustus Caesar
What was society and the economics like in the Islamic Golden Age?
Society: diverse, non-muslims had a special tax, common language was Arabic, in the social structure Arabs/Muslims at birth on top, then converts, then Christians and Jews, last Slaves
Economics: Commerce was key and trade/trading was a valued job because Muhammad was one. Camal Caverns and ships,dhow, helped trade
Describe Pax Mongolica, the time after the Mongol Empire expansion
-There was peace and prosperity
-Karakorum = capitol
-Religious tolerance (no special taxes)
-Law and order
-Adopted writing from china
-Had control over Silk road
Who united upper and lower Egypt, how did they rule.
-Menes
-established first dynasty, pharaohs had unlimited power, forced labor built pyramids.
What were three accomplishments of Alexander the Great?
-United Greece
-Conquered the Persian Empire
-Spread Hellenistic culture
Name 3 factors that led to the fall of Rome, where was the capital moved to after the empire was divided, and what tribes conquered Rome.
-Disease killed 25% of the population, There was political instability (26 emperors assassignated ), and Mass poverty due to high taxes
-Constantinople
-Germanic tribes
What were some Innovations in the Islamic Golden Age?
-Architecture: The Alhambra, domes and minarets
-Arts and literature: Calligrpahy, textiles and rugs had geometrical patterns
-Scholarship
-Medicine
After the death of Genghis Khan, how was the Empire divided, who were the 3 rulers of the Khanates we learned about?
-Empire divided among Genghis Khan's heirs
-Batu: Golden Horde, Hulegu: Ilkhanate (killed caliph respecting his blood and flesh), Kublai:China (conquered song dynasty)