Historian
What is a primary source?
Comes directly from the time that is being studied.
It is a first-hand account of what happened.
They were either used or made by the people of the past.
What is an artefact?
an object made by people, such as axes, spears, coins, phones, clothes and watches.
What is the feudal system? Put the people in order
The ownership and control of land was organised through the feudal system or feudalism.
King > Barons, Bishops, Lords > Knights > Peasants
What painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?
Michelangelo
What does conquer mean?
to take over by force
Define 'bias'
When people deliberately select evidence or sources to support their own cause
What is stratigraphy?
A method of dating object buried in the ground. The oldest layers and finds are at the bottom, the youngest or newest layers are at the top.
Describe two defensive features of a castle
A moat and tall stone walls (curtain walls) surrounded the castle. The moat was filled with water.
Battlements were raised parts on top of the curtain wall to protect defenders. Soldiers shot arrows and spears from the battlements at attackers.
Turrets, or towers, were built at intervals along the wall to allow soldiers to shoot through slits.
A drawbridge and a portcullis protected the gate of the castle.
The keep was the most important building in the castle. It contained the great hall. Inside, the door was raised and the spiral staircase turned right which made it harder to attack.
Name 2 of Michelangelo's sculptures
The Pieta and David
What achievement did Vasco da Gama make?
Reached India by sailing around Africa
What is the different between an archive and museum?
An archive collects and stores mostly written sources.
A museum collects, stores and displays mostly artefacts.
Name 3 ways archaeologists find sites
Chance discoveries e.g. the Ardagh Chalice.
A geophysical survey can find features under the ground.
Stories from history e.g. the city of Troy.
Maps.
Aerial photography can show crop marks.
Rescue or salvage archaeology takes place before building or road development goes ahead.
7. Underwater archaeology uses sonar, submarines and diving gear to explore buildings or sunken wrecks
What is the difference between a serf and a freeman?
The peasants were either freemen or serfs.
Freemen paid rent and could move away whenever they wanted to.
Serfs were not free. They needed the lord’s permission to travel to the nearest town.
All peasants had to work on the lord’s demesne.
They also had to pay a tithe (one-tenth) of their produce) to the parish priest.
What was sfumato and who used it?
Leonardo Da Vinci used sfumato (smokiness/blurring) to create changes in skin tone and in the background of the painting.
Who conquered the Aztec empire?
Hernán Cortés
What is 'propaganda'?
The use of information to influence opinions of people to ensure power
What is conservation?
the protection and preservation of ancient objects so that they do not decay.
What was the Open Field System?
Around the village were three large, open fields. Peasants were given strips of land in each field. They grew wheat, oats and barley.
The crops were rotated each year. One field was left fallow (empty) to allow it to recover.
There was a common for grazing sheep and cattle.
Peasants produced most of the food and clothes they needed.
They had porridge for breakfast and pottage (soup thickened with veg) in the evening.
Give three differences between Medieval and Renaissance paintings
Medieval:
Paints: egg yolk with powdered colours, called tempera, which dried quickly so changes could not be made. Painted wooden panels.
Themes: religious messages only, scenes from the Bible and the lives of the saints.
Perspective: two-dimensional, the paintings lacked depth.
Realism: lifeless people, very similar faces, anatomical inaccuracies.
Renaissance
Paints: oil with colours so that the paint dried more slowly and artists could vary colours and shading; increased use of canvas. Some of the most important paintings of the Renaissance were frescoes (a painting done on wet or damp plaster).
Themes: Renaissance artists painted many different themes – religious, portraits, nature and landscape.
Perspective: Three-dimensional, the paintings had depth.
Realism: Anatomy was studied. Many artists dissected bodies, even though it was illegal.
Caravel, compass, quadrant, astrolabe, log and line, etc.
What is chronological order?
putting events in the order in which they occurred, starting with the earliest.
What is radiocarbon dating / carbon-14 dating?
Plants and animals take in carbon-14 when they are alive. When they die, carbon-14 starts to decay.
The age of the plant, person or animal can be worked out by measuring the amount of radiocarbon in the sample.
Give 3 facts about the life of a lord and 2 facts about the life of a lady
The lord of the castle
The king divided up his land among the main lords (barons).
Each of those lords built a castle and ruled their area.
The lord had to fight for the king and help him rule the country.
He had to go to the king’s court when called.
He had to settle disputes and hold court.
The lord passed his land to his eldest son when he died.
The lord and his knights hunted and hawked for fresh meat.
2. The lady of the castle
Noblewomen were married off by their parents.
Marriage was not a love match, it forged links between important families.
The bride’s father provided a dowry (gifts or money) to take her to her new family.
The lady of the castle was in charge of the stores, the baking the brewing and the cellar.
She gave directions to the servants, including the pages who came to the castle at around 7 years of age to begin their training as knights.
The lady of the castle would spin flax and wool for thread.
She was also responsible for her daughters’ education.
Name 3 of Galileo's scientific achievements
1. Scientific method
2. Law of falling bodies
3. Telescope - 4 moons around Jupiter
4. Proved Earth moves around Sun
5. Pendulum clock
What theory did Columbus have about reaching Asia?
He believed he could sail west and reach the East