Pleural FLuid
This classification system uses fluid protein and LDH levels to distinguish transudates from exudates.
What are Light’s criteria?
This test is the initial evaluation when pulmonary hypertension is suspected, used to estimate PA systolic pressure and assess right and left heart function.
What is transthoracic echocardiography?
A resting mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥ 20 mm Hg measured by right heart catheterization defines this condition.
What is pulmonary hypertension?
A focal pulmonary opacity larger than this size is presumed malignant until proved otherwise.
What is 3 cm?
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is strongly associated with this exposure and typically has a latency of 20–40 years.
What is asbestos exposure?
This imaging test is more sensitive than chest radiography in critically ill or supine patients for detecting pleural effusions and can reduce procedural complications.
What is thoracic ultrasound?
This invasive procedure is essential to confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and distinguish the primary cause of elevated PA pressure.
What is right heart catheterization?
The majority of pulmonary hypertension cases are attributable to these two conditions.
What are left-sided heart disease and hypoxic respiratory disorders?
The first step in evaluating a solid pulmonary nodule larger than 8 mm is to do this.
What is estimate the probability of malignancy?
These are the most common tumors of the anterior mediastinum and are associated with paraneoplastic syndromes such as myasthenia gravis.
What are thymic lesions?
This is the cornerstone of managing a parapneumonic effusion when pleural fluid pH is less than 7.2.
What is chest tube drainage (tube thoracostomy)?
This condition can be associated with connective tissue diseases, portal hypertension, congenital heart disease, HIV infection, drug use, and toxin exposure.
What is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?
In PAH, this hemodynamic parameter must be normal (≤ 15 mm Hg) to exclude left-sided heart disease.
What is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)?
These are the two major classes of lung cancer, with one accounting for 80% of cases.
What are non–small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer?
This is the most common type of mass in the middle mediastinum.
What is lymphadenopathy?
A large, hemodynamically significant pneumothorax should be treated with this emergent procedure before chest tube placement.
What is needle thoracostomy?
All patients with pulmonary hypertension should undergo this test to evaluate for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, which it can exclude with nearly 100% sensitivity.
What is a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan?
A patient with PH and a PCWP > 15 mm Hg is most likely in this pulmonary hypertension group.
What is Group 2 PH (left-sided heart disease)?
Testing for EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and PD-L1 is recommended in this setting.
What is advanced-stage adenocarcinoma or mixed cancers?
These are the most common tumors in the posterior mediastinum, classified by their neural origin.
What are neurogenic neoplasms?
A pleural fluid triglyceride level greater than this value supports the diagnosis of chylothorax.
What is 110 mg/dL (1.24 mmol/L)?
This is the only potentially curative therapy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
What is pulmonary thromboendarterectomy?
Patients with COPD and interstitial lung disease can develop pulmonary hypertension, usually with this hemodynamic profile: mPAP ≥ 20 mm Hg, PCWP ≤ 15 mm Hg, and increased PVR.
What is Group 3 PH (chronic lung disease/hypoxia)?
Surgical resection of these tumors is often curative, with 10-year survival rates above 90%.
What are carcinoid tumors?
-Initial fluid resuscitation in sepsis should begin with this bolus volume
-This is the first-choice vasopressor for septic shock
-What is 30 mL/kg crystalloid within 3 hours (ideally within 1 hour)?
-What is norepinephrine?