Language Acquisition Theories
Use of language for real purposes- acquisition occurs naturally
What is acquisition Learning Hypothesis
School districts are responsible for policies that result in racial segregation in the school system
What is Keyes v School District (1973)
These are designed to help children acquire the English skills required to succeed in an English-only mainstream classroom. These programs provide some initial instruction in the students' first language, primarily for the introduction of reading, but also for clarification.
What is Early-exit
Students at this level have very limited or no understanding of English
Language that is acquired not learned. some aspects of a language are picked up earlier than others.
Ex. "We going to the library"
What is natural Order Hypothesis
Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously decided that the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
What is Lau v. Nichols
Students spend part of the school day in a mainstream classroom, but are pulled out for a portion of each day to receive instruction in English as a second language.
At this level students can understand standard speech delivered in most settings with some repetition and rewording.
A learners progress in their knowledge of the language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current level.
Provides funding for districts to educate ELLs with innovative instruction. Later it gave states more autonomy and set high-water marks for bilingual education.
What is the Title VII and the Bilingual Education Act (1968-2002)
These differ from early-exit programs "primarily in the amount and duration that English is used for instruction as well as the length of time students are to participate in each program"
Students at this advanced level have demonstrated English proficiency as determined by state assessment instruments (ELPA -English Language Proficienct Assessment). They are expected to be able to participate fully with their peers in grade level content area classes.
Consciously learned language can only be used to monitor language output; it can never be the source of spontaneous speech.
What is the monitor hypothesis
States were given full control of their funds for ELL education but have increased accountability for ELL achievement.
What is No Child Left Behind
Also called developmental bilingual programs, these group language minority students from a single language background in the same classroom with language majority (English-speaking) students.
Students at this level have adequate language skills for day-to-day communication. Occasional structural and lexical errors still occur.
States that learners' ability to acquire language is constrained if they are experiencing negative emotions such as fear or embarrassment.
What is affective filter hypothesis.
“English is hereby established as the official and legal language of Tennessee.” All instruction is required to be implemented in English “unless the nature of the course would require otherwise”
Tennessee’s Official English Language Law (1984)
These use only English, but there is no explicit ESL instruction. As in sheltered English and content-based programs, English is taught through the content areas.
These students can understand short conversations on simple topics. They rely on familiarity. They use repetition, gestures and non-verbal cues to sustain coversation.