POLICY FORMATION
These are first two stages of the policy process that are often unknown by the general public.
What are issue definition and agenda setting? (Fowler, pg. 148)
Leaders persuade policymakers into solving a policy issue or adopting the solutions advocated by proponents would be expensive to avoid this..
What is an issue reaching a government policy agenda?
This is getting an issue moved from the systemic agenda to the governmental one.
What is the first step affecting agenda setting process? (Fowler, pg. 170)
This policy agenda includes all issues under discussion at professional conferences, in education journals, among well-informed educators, in the mass media, among the general public, and among governmental officials. (Kingdom, 2003)
What is the education policy agenda?
(Fowler, pg. 161)
Basic Research: the most theoretical and least practical
Applied Research: tests theory in real life settings
Integrative Research: draws on a wide range of past research studies on a single topic and integrates them into a single work that seeks to describe what the research as a whole says
What are the three broad types of research employed by think tanks and and universities that influence ideas and education policy?
(Fowler, pg. 154)
This institution links all education policy institutions
What is the Education Policy Planning and Research Community (EPPRC) (Fowler, pg. 151)
American School Administrator
American School Boards Journal
Educational Leadership
NASSP Bulletin
The Phi Delta Kappan
Principal
What are some leading journal published by educational associations?
These are the second essential power resource.
What are allies? (Fowler, pg. 170)
In order to determine the composition of this agenda, a school leader might skim the tables of contents of several education journals, glance through some recent issues of Education Week, and add to them any education problems that the mass media are currently highlighting.
What is Systemic Agenda? (Fowler, pg. 161)
Universities and Think tanks
Publications of Printed Materials
The Education Commission of the States (ECS)
Through Education Policy Planning and Research Community (EPPRC)
What are forums for discussion and venues for disseminating new ideas? (Fowler, 156 & 157)
It's a political process that involves transforming a problem into an issue that the government can address.
What is issue definition? (Fowler, pg. 149)
They offer information on both issue definition and agenda setting on websites.
What are the U.S. Department of Education, several major think tanks, and all major education associations?
This is the rationale for why an opportunity for moving an issue onto the government agenda open suddenly and close suddenly.
What is anyone can influence this stage of the policy process? (Fowler, pg. 170)
This agenda consists of "the list of subjects or problems to which governmental officials are paying some serious attention at any given time" (Kingdom, 2003, p. 3).
What is the Governmental Agenda? (Fowler, pg. 162)
Claims
Evidence
Solution
Discourse
Broad Appeal
What are elements of skillful issue definition?
This becomes an issue when there is controversy over how the government should act in a particular instance.
What is Policy Issue? (Fowler, pg. 149)
This group wanted to prepare students for work without a degree and make it more competitive.
What are local business leaders?
This is the most important method of influencing agenda setting.
What is drawing the attention of the media, policy makers and the general public? (Fowler, pg. 170)
This agenda is composed of all those issues under serious discussion in relation to a specific policy domain.
What is Policy Agenda? (Fowler, pg. 161)
This is an assertion that grows out of a broader interpretation of the problem, its nature, and its causes.
This must be made about a problem in order to transform it into a policy issue.
What are Claims? (Fowler, pg. 158)
Corporations
Wealthy Individuals
Government (Especially the USDOE)
What are the three major sources that provide substantial financial support to participants in the Education Policy Planning and Research Community (EPPRC)? (Fowler, 153)
Foundations
Universities
Policy Planning Groups (think tanks)
USDOE
Who is at the core of the Education Policy Planning and Research Community (EPPRC)? (Fowler, pg. 151).
These are the stages that educational leaders find it most difficult to influence or even to track.
What is Issue Definition and Agenda Setting? (Fowler, pg. 171)
This agenda consists of those issues under discussion within various interests groups, education policy networks, and education associations as well as among informed professional educators.
What is Professional Agenda? (Fowler, pg. 161)
Once an issue has faded, reviving interest in it is difficult, because it now seems out of date. Among political scientists this phenomenon is known as
In every policy area issues suddenly become the center of enormous attention on several agendas...and then, as suddenly, "lurch" out of everyone's thoughts (Baumgartner & Jones, 2009)
What is the Issue-attention cycle? (Fowler, pg. 166)