Concept Dictionary
Nuclear Charge
Atomic # with a + sign
Mass Number and Atomic Mass
Mass Number: protons plus neutrons
Atomic Mass: the weighted average mass of all of the naturally occurring isotopes
What is the oxidation number of sulfur in Na2S2O3?
+2
define electrolyte
a substance that dissolves in water, breaks into ions and conducts electricity
List 3 properties of acids
Any 3:
1) reacts with metals to produce H2 gas
2) reacts with bases to form salt and water
3) Gives off H+ ions/ has a low pH
4) makes indicators change color
5) has a sour taste
The higher boiling point?
Water or 1.2 M NaCl (aq)
NaCl (aq)
Bright line spectrum
Emission spectrum
Ionic bonding and covalent bonding (2 differences)
1) Ionic: metal and nonmetal while covalent : nonmetals
2) Ionic: large electronegativity difference while covalent: small electronegativity difference
Given: Al (s) + Cu+2 (aq) --> Cu (s) + Al +3(aq)
Identify the substance getting reduced
Copper ions
Explain, in terms of solubility, why AgNO3 is a better electrolyte than AgCl
AgNO3 is soluble and breaks up into ions.
List 3 properties from your notes of ionic compounds
1) high melting/ boiling points
2) hard crystalline structure
3) cannot conduct as a solid, but can conduct in the liquid phase
Greater pull attraction for electrons?
Li or N
N
Electrolytes
Salts, acids or bases
isotopes (in terms of particles)
same proton #s, different neutron #s
Identify a metal that, when reacted with Strontium, will be oxidized:
Barium, Cesium, Potassium, Lithium or Rubidium
Two examples of processes involving electrolytic cells are
Electrolysis and Electroplating
List 5 methods to speed up a reaction. Select ONE of the methods and explain how it speeds up a reaction.
1) increase temp (faster particles have more effective collisions)
2) increase concentration (more crowding with the particles increases chance of an effective collision)
3) increase surface area (to expose more particles to a collision)
4) use ionic substances (they break into ions and a ready to react faster than covalent substances)
5) add a catalyst (lowers activation energy)
More developed atomic model?
Thomson or Rutherford?
Rutherford
Vapor Pressure
escaping surface particles
Substitution reactions and Addition reactions (1 difference)
Substitution reactions have alkanes in the reactants while addition reactions have alkenes in the reactants.
A spoon made out of zinc needs to be coated with gold metal. Will the spoon be at the anode or cathode? Justify your answer in terms of table J and your knowledge of electroplating.
Spoon is at cathode because it needs to be reduced. However, since gold is lower on table J, and therefore less reactive, the reaction is nonspontaneous and requires an outside power source to force the reaction to occur.
Identify which substance has a higher freezing point and explain why: 1.0 M CaCl2 or 1.0 M NaCl
NaCl because it has fewer dissolved ions and causes freezing point to depress less than CaCl2 which breaks up into more ions
List four methods to separate mixtures and include which type of mixture they separate
1) filtration (for heterogeneous mixtures with insoluble substance)
2) distillation (for different boiling points)
3)chromatography (for different polarities)
4) evaporation (for solutions)
More polar?
CO or BF?
BF
energy packet
voltaic cells and electrolytic cells (3 differences)
1) Voltaic turns chemical energy to electrical energy and Electrolytic turns electricity into chemical reactions
2) Voltaic is a battery while Electrolytic requires a battery
3) Voltaic has a salt bridge to permit the flow of ions
4) Electrolytic is only for nonspontaneous reactions
Al (s) + Cu+2 (aq) --> Cu (s) + Al +3(aq)
Write the half reaction that takes place at the anode in a voltaic cell:
Al (s) ---> Al 3+(aq) + 3e
Describe a lab test that would identify if an unknown compound was an electrolyte
Dissolve the substance in water, or melt it to a liquid, and see if it conducts electricity
Identify the parts of the Kinetic Molecular Theory .
1- particles move in random rapid straight line motion
2- KE is proportional to temperature
3- particles are elastic
4- particles have no volume
5- particles have no IMFs
More products?
Fisson or Fusion?
Fisson