Causality
"A criterion for establishing a causal relationship between two variables: The variation in the presumed cause (the independent variable) must occur before the variation in the presumed effect (the dependent variable).
Time order
"A ______ effect is said to occur if variation in the independent variable is followed by variation in the dependent variable, when all other things are equal."
causal
"A _____ is a subset of the population that we want to learn about."
Sample
disproportionate stratified sampling
" ______ means that a measurement yields consistent scores (so scores only change when the phenomenon changes)."
Reliability
"A discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables."
causal mechanism
"In an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the treatment or experimental manipulation."
Experimental (or treatment) group
"A non-probability sampling method in which elements are selected for a purpose, usually because of their unique position."
Purposive sampling
"A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected from a list or from sequential files, with every nth element being selected after the first element is selected randomly."
Systematic random sampling
"Reliability achieved when responses to the same questions by two randomly selected halves of a sample are about the same."
split-halves reliability
"A procedure by which each experimental subject is placed in a group randomly."
Random assignment
"The larger set of interrelated circumstances in which a particular outcome should be understood."
Context
"A sample that 'looks like' the population from which it was selected in all respects that are potentially relevant to the study. The distribution of characteristics among the elements of a representative sample is the same as the distribution of those characteristics among the total population."
Representative sample
"Sampling in which elements are selected in two or more stages, with the first stage being the random selection of naturally occurring clusters and the last stage being the random selection of elements within clusters."
Cluster sampling
"A procedure for testing the reliability of responses to survey questions in which subjects' answers are compared after the subjects have been asked slightly different versions of the questions or when randomly selected halves of the sample have been administered slightly different versions of the questions."
Alternate forms reliability
"We can say that the relationship between two variables is ______ when it is actually caused by changes in a third variable, so what appears to be a direct connection is in fact not one."
Spurious
"A comparison group that receives no treatment."
Control group
"In some circumstances, it may be feasible to establish generalizability by simply conducting a _____ - studying an entire population - rather than drawing a sample."
Census
"A method of sampling in which ever sample element is selected purely on the basis of chance through a random process."
Simple random sampling
"A measurement showing that measures of a phenomenon at two points in time are highly correlated, if the phenomenon has not changed or has changed only as much as the phenomenon itself."
test-retest reliability
What are the five criteria for assessing causality?
•Association
•Time order
•Non-spuriousness
•Mechanism
•Context
Association
"A sampling method that relies on a random, or chance, selection method so that the probability of selection of population elements is known."
Probability sampling methods
"A non-probability sampling method in which elements are selected to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population."
Quota sampling
"An approach that calculates reliability based on the correlation between multiple items used to measure a single concept."
Interitem reliability