Stages
What is the name of the stage when a child uses one word to represent a whole phrase or sentence?
Holophrastic stage
Which theory suggests that children are born with a Language Acquisition Device in their brains that creates a Universal Grammar?
Nativist Theory (Chomsky)
What is phonological development?
How children learn to produce the different sounds needed to acquire language.
What is orthography?
The study of spelling.
What is MLU?
Mean Length of Utterance (the average number of words per utterance)
What is the pre-verbal stage known as?
Babbling
Who suggested that language is acquired solely by observing and imitating others, often with positive or negative reinforcement?
Skinner (Behaviourist theory)
What is deletion?
The missing out of a sound, often an unstressed syllable or a final consonant.
What are the two methods commonly used for teaching reading?
Phonics and 'Look and Say'
Name five features of Child Directed Speech.
Exaggerated intonation, animated and varied prosody, simplified grammatical structures, repetition, concrete nouns, reduplication, dynamic verbs, deixis, direct imperatives and interrogatives, recasting, expansion, modelling, adjacency pairs, exchange structure.
What is the stage called when a child pairs up two words together?
Two word stage
Who argued that humans are social creatures who learn by interaction with those around them and their environment?
Bruner (Interactionism / LASS)
What is reduplication
The repetition of a sound or syllable (a common feature of babbling).
What is a repeated epithet?
The same phrase used to describe an object or person again and again in children's literature (eg. the big brown bear...)
What is over-extension?
Using a known word to refer to similar unknown objects, either from the same category (categorical over extension) or with similar features (analogical over extension)
What is the stage when a child uses 3-5 words together, often missing out the small minor words?
Telegraphic Stage
Which theorist developed the idea that children need an intellectual scaffold provided by someone with greater knowledge in order to extend their learning?
Vygotsky (More Knowledgable Other)
What is consonant cluster reduction?
When a consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant sound.
What is a digraph?
The combination of two letters representing one sound.
What are some of the early inflections children learn to use? (according to Brown's order of inflections)
Present participle (-ING), plurals, possessive 's, articles, prepositions, regular past tense (-ED)
What features of language will not yet be fully mature in the post-telegraphic stage?
Negatives, questions, pronouns, complex utterances etc.
Which theory promotes the idea that children cannot learn a word until they understand the concept it represents?
Cognitive Theory (Piaget)
What is the 'fis phenomenon'?
The idea that babies hear correctly, even if they don't pronounce things correctly themselves (Berko and Brown)
Put Barclay's stages into the correct order:
Mock Handwriting Phonetic Spelling Conventional letters
Correct Spelling Mock letters Scribbling Invented spelling
Scribbling, Mock Handwriting, Mock Letters, Conventional Letters, Invented Spelling, Phonetic Spelling, Correct Spelling
Define each of these spelling errors
a) bayke (bake)
b) kookie (cookie)
c) funy (funny)
d) becuase (because)
e) lepud (leopard)
a) insertion b) substitution c) omission d) transposition (reversal) e) phonetic