Cognitive Views
Q. Which of the following is false regarding the cognitive view of learning?
A. Learning is seen as an internal process.
B. How we perceive is influenced by our own memory.
C. People are generally passive learners.
D. Changes in behaviours reflect a change in knowledge.
C. People are generally passive learners.
Q. One reason why experts tend to be better than novices at solving problems in their fields of expertise is that
A. experts are more likely to reason based on knowledge, whereas novices are more likely to use intuition.
B. experts in general have greater memory capacity for information in their chosen fields.
C. experts are more efficient, whereas novices spend more time and effort analyzing problems and making plans.
D. experts can use their extensive knowledge to organize information for easier learning and retrieval.
D. experts can use their extensive knowledge to organize information for easier learning and retrieval.
Q. In higher education, the student-teacher experience is a good example of
A. reciprocal teaching.
B. collaboration.
C. a cognitive apprenticeship.
D. cooperative learning.
C. a cognitive apprenticeship.
Q. Social cognitive theory emphasizes
A. observation, modelling, and vicarious reinforcement.
B. ignoring the consequences of others' behaviour.
C. biological influences but not social influences on behaviour.
D. trial-and-error behaviours and schedules of reinforcement.
A. observation, modelling, and vicarious reinforcement.
Q. Which of the following best exemplifies intrinsic motivation?
A. Studying really hard to earn an A
B. Going to your job to earn a paycheque
C. Gardening because you like digging in the dirt
D. Working on a community project to get your name in the paper
C. Gardening because you like digging in the dirt
Q. Implicit memories are those which
A. we consciously try to recall without their influencing our behaviour in any manner.
B. we deliberately try to learn, recall, and use.
C. which influence our behaviour or thought without our awareness and without our condscious efforts to recall.
D. come from elaborative rehearsal
C. which influence our behaviour or thought without our awareness and without our condscious efforts to recall.
Q. A general strategy used in attempting to solve problems is called
A. an algorithm.
B. a heuristic.
C. a working-back strategy.
D. a means-ends analysis.
B. a heuristic.
Q. Mr. Stein asks his students to decide on the pros and cons of building a theme park in Banff National Park. This class unit is based on a __________________ instructional approach.
A. problem-based learning
B. inquired constructivism
C. spiral curriculum
D. situated learning
A. problem-based learning
Q. What role does triarchic reciprocal causality play in social cognitive theory?
A. It explains principles of reinforcement.
B. It explains why some behaviours are influenced by genes rather than the environment.
C. It explains the mutual effects of the personal, environmental, and behavioural on each other.
D. It differentiates social learning theory from social cognitive theory.
C. It explains the mutual effects of the personal, environmental, and behavioural on each other.
Q. Todd believes that no matter how much effort he puts into his algebra class he will never master word problems. He says to himself, "I just can't do it. Algebra is not one of my strengths." Todd might be classified as
a. failure avoiding.
b. mastery oriented.
c. failure accepting.
d. task-involved.
c. failure accepting.
Q. Comprehension should precede memorization, so one of the best strategies for helping your students learn their material is to make it
A. entertaining.
B. meaningful.
C. organized.
D. brief.
B. meaningful
Q. Mr. Case, the physical education teacher, was given 25 old wooden tennis racquets. Unfortunately, they were warped and needed new strings. Knowing they could not be used for playing tennis, he made the decision to throw the racquets away because he could not see any other use for them. Mr. Case may be demonstrating ________________ in regard to realizing the potential of the racquets.
A. confirmation bias
B. negative transfer
C. functional fixedness
D. positive transfer
C. functional fixedness
Q. Anthony recently started reading philosophical texts and questions whether there is any truth in the world. This is indicative of the ___________________ perspective.
A. radical constructivism
B. central constructivism
C. individual constructivism
D. social constructivism
A. radical constructivism
Q. The fastest way to increase students' sense of self-efficacy is to
A. give them difficult tasks so they will become resilient in the case of failure.
B. use social persuasion or a pep talk: "You can do it!"
C. first increase their self-esteem, which will lead to increases in self-efficacy.
D. ensure they have mastery experiences or personal experiences of success.
D. ensure they have mastery experiences or personal experiences of success.
Q. In general, educators and researchers have found that students have an optimal level of arousal. Low levels of arousal are typically best for ______________, whereas high levels of arousal are better for ________________.
a. simple tasks, complex tasks
b. hot cognitive tasks, cold cognitive tasks
c. mastery goals, performance goals
d. complex tasks, simple tasks
d. complex tasks, simple tasks
Q. Because we choose what stimuli to attend to in our environment, cognitive theorists claim we
A. are not influenced at all by reinforcements or punishments following our behaviours.
B. are influenced mostly by external stimuli in our environment.
C. are active participants or agents in our own learning process.
D. are not influenced by patterns as initially believed by Gestalt theorists
C. are active participants or agents in our own learning process.
Q. Metacognition refers to
A. knowledge about our own thinking processes.
B. deciding how much time to give to a task and which strategies to use to complete it.
C. making judgments about the processes and outcomes of thinking and learning.
D. transforming and using knowledge, skills, and ideas.
A. knowledge about our own thinking processes.
Q. When done successfully, students report cooperative groups have positive effects on their
A. self-confidence, empathy, and school attendance.
B. desire to adopt performance goals for learning.
C. math and reading abilities and general problem-solving skills.
D. ability to make external locus-of-control decisions.
A. self-confidence, empathy, and school attendance.
Q. One way teachers can encourage student self-regulation is to
A. create more opportunities for cooperative learning.
B. introduce activities that are challenging and complicated.
C. give students ill-structured problems.
D. provide students with choices about what and how they will learn.
D. provide students with choices about what and how they will learn.
Q. A reward ______________, whereas an incentive ______________.
a. decreases behaviour; increases behaviour
b. addresses deficiency needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs; addresses being needs in Maslow's model
c. is based on behaviourist perspectives; is based on a humanist theoretical interpretation
d. is a consequence of a specific behaviour; encourages or discourages a behaviour.
d. is a consequence of a specific behaviour; encourages or discourages a behaviour.
Q. Which statement is a possible reason why students might forget the names of the continents?
A. The continents were not properly stored as visual images in the students' memory systems.
B. The information is stuck in the phonological loop of working memory.
C. Spreading activation overtook the information.
D. Time decay or interference has taken place.
D. Time decay or interference has taken place.
Q. Ms. Schaible is concerned that her students learn strategies but do not apply them when they could or should. This is indicative of
A. undergeneralization.
B. production deficiencies.
C. overgeneralization.
D. utilization errors.
B. production deficiencies.
Q. As a new teacher you will be involved in a "community of practice," which means that
A. over time you will learn the accepted practices of your school and district.
B. you will be involved in an apprenticeship where you take on more and more responsibility until you are allowed to function independently.
C. you will be involved in learning about constructivist ways of teaching.
D. you will gain confidence and skill as you practise your teaching.
A. over time you will learn the accepted practices of your school and district.
Q. Cognitive behaviour modification involves
A. teaching students to engage in self-talk to regulate their own behaviour.
B. teaching students to improve their listening, planning, working, and checking skills.
C. getting students involved in thinking about and creating their own guides and prompts.
D. training students to reduce anger and aggression.
A. teaching students to engage in self-talk to regulate their own behaviour.
Q. The expectancy x value model predicts that motivation will be
a. high if expectancy is low and value is high.
b. zero only if expectancy is zero and value is zero.
c. high if expectancy is high and value is high.
d. zero if expectancy is high and value is low.
c. high if expectancy is high and value is high.