Antecedents CR
What is the focus of behaviorism?
observable behavior and environmental stimuli
Cognitive Psychology is the title of one of the most influential writings of the 60's. Who's the author?
Ulric Neisser
Dewey's years
1859 - 1952
Piaget's life years and Country of origin?
1896 - 1980 Switzerland
What is the main achievement of Sensorimotor stage?
The main achievement is the understanding that objects exist and events occur in the world independently of one's own actions
Vygotsky's years of life
1896 -1934
Years of Montessori's life
1870 - 1952
years of life
1915-2016
What does Information Theory attempt to do?
To understand how people process information and make it behavior
Who launched the first Psychological Revolution? Explain the essence of rebelling against
John B Watson
The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things according to Dewey is ...
that the living maintain themselves by renewal.
define Schemas in Piaget's terms...
They are the building blocks of cognitive models, enable us to create a mental representation of the world.
"a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are interconnected"
Why is it called the Preoperational stage?
Children’s logic is based on their own personal knowledge of the world so far, rather than on conventional knowledge.
What kind of theory is Vygotsky's
Socio-cultural theory
Who is she?
She was an Italian pioneer of theories in early childhood education,
What was Bruner's Focus?
Bruner focused on how exactly this more knowledgeable other imparts their greater knowledge and competence to a learner, and how the learner responds to this new knowledge, gradually developing more and more understanding, with the help of the more knowledgeable other.
What is the 'nature view' held by rationalists?
That our genetic make up is predetermined to make us who we are
Functionalism was a current urging for a pragmatical approach away from structuralism. However a few years after appearance, a radical shift made it vanish... What shift was that?
Behaviorism
How does Society exist according to Dewey?
through a process of transmission quite as much as biological life. This transmission occurs by means of communication of habits of doing, thinking, and feeling from the older to the younger.
What fact led Piaget to the theory that young children's cognitive processes are inherently different from those of adults?
Piaget noticed consistent mistakes children do but he did not focus so much on answers being wrong, but that young children consistently made types of mistakes that older children and adults did not.
Mention one difference between Concrete-operational and Logical stage
One difference is reversibility, or the ability to think about the steps of a process in any order.
What is ZPD?
ZPD is the range of abilities that an individual can perform with assistance but cannot yet perform independently.
What's Montessori's first school?
60 students from the slums, ranging in age from 1 to 6. attended Casa dei Bambini (or Children's House), a school that enabled Montessori to create the "prepared learning" environment she believed was conducive to sense learning and creative exploration.
What's an asymmetrical relationship?
The parent, teacher or facilitator has more knowledge than learner and seeks to impart this knowledge through various strategies.
'We could educate children the way we want'
Who would argue the above statement? (a rationalist or an empiricist)
Locke
What was Miller's paper that accompanied Chomsky's? .... What is it about?
The Magic Number Seven Plus or Minus Two
What's incidental education?
What's deliberate education?
the education which everyone gets from living with others.
the education imparted at institutions
What's Conservation and when does it happen in development?
... a logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size,
At concrete operational stage around 7
Coordination of Reactions is the substage of Sensorimotor from 8-12 months; What characterizes this substage?
During this substage, the child starts to show clearly intentional actions.
Which are the three essential factors that are critical to the success of this learning process ?
Which are the two principles of Montessori's Method?
First, children and developing adults engage in psychological self-construction by means of interaction with their environments.
Second, children, especially under the age of six, have an innate path of psychological development.
Cite a difference between J. Bruner and J. Piaget.
His approach (in contrast to Piaget) looked to environmental and experiential factors. Bruner suggested that intellectual ability developed in stages through step-by-step changes in how the mind is used.
Who was this German guy so fan of structures in the early 20th Century and father of European Psychology???
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Was there any consensus at all in the principles and birth of the new Cognitive science (Please show meaningful evidence)
Definitely! Miller even dares to affirm a specific date: 09/11/1956 during The Symposium of Information Theory held at MIT
Dewey makes a strong case for the importance of education. Education serves a double purpose. Which ones are those two purposes?
1. as a place to gain content knowledge,
2. as a place to learn how to live.
At what stage do children begin to work out problems and find solutions without the use of physical objects?
Concrete Operational Stage (between seven and 11)
What is The Symbolic Function that characterizes one of the substages of this Preoperational stage?
The child is able to mentally represent an object that is not present.
The specifically human capacity for language enables children to four seminal functions. What are they?
1. to provide for auxiliary tools in the solution of difficult tasks,
2.to overcome impulsive action,
3. to plan a solution to a problem prior to its execution,
4. and to master their own behavior.
There is a period of development in whichn "calm and serenity" without major transformation is a constant. Which one is that one?
From 6 to 12
What's learning for J. Bruner?
Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge.