Cells
Describe the differences between plant and animal cells.
Cell wall-
Lysosomes-
Chloroplasts-
Centrioles-
Central vacuole-
What does the DNA in the nucleus code for? (Specifically)(Hint: macromolecule)
Proteins
Robert Hooke, 1600s, said they look like where monks live
Trying to maintain a constant balance inside.
Describe gas exchange.
O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood, co2 diffuses out of blood into alveoli
What is more important? Surface area or volume?
Surface area
Functions of the Smooth ER:
- lipid and steroid production
- storage
- detoxification
- metabolism of calcium ions
Cell Theory. Explain.
1. all living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
Structure of ATP vs ADP
ATP has three phosphates, ADP has two phosphates
Parts of the respiratory system
Mouth, nose, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, lungs, diaphragm, alveoli, bronchioles, ribs/intercostal muscles
Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
- Flagella/cillia
- Bacteria cell wall
- Free ribosomes
- No membrane-bound organelles
- Free DNA (No nucleus)
Connection between nucleus, ribosomes, proteins, golgi, and membrane.
DNA in the nucleus codes for proteins, ribosomes assemble protein on rough er, proteins packaged and sent to golgi, golgi finishes proteins and sends them to the cell membrane in a vescicle, then the protein is released from the cell membrane
Compound light microscope. Explain.
Light passes through and you can see what you are looking at. Not very magnified. Can be colored and alive.
Describe energy coupling.
An exergonic reaction fuels an endergonic reaction.
Describe lactic acid and alcohol fermentation.
Lactic acid- end product is lactate happens in muscle cells and some bacteria, makes NADH into NAD+
Alcohol- releases co2 end product is ethanol, happens in yeast and some bacterias
Classifications (Acronym) King...
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Lysosomes-
Peroxisomes-
Centrioles-
Lysosomes- digestive enzymes, low pH, break down damaged organelles, digest food, destroy bacteria, contained in a membrane
Peroxisomes- found in animal liver cells, detoxify harmful hydrogen peroxide
Centrioles- help organize the cell for division
SEM and TEM. Explain
SEM- discovered in the 1930s, 1000x, excellent 3D image, expensive, need training, dead organisms
TEM- even more magnified, same stuff for rest
Endocytosis-
- Phagocytosis-
- Pinocytosis-
Exocytosis-
Endocytosis- something coming into the cell
- Phagocytosis- solid
- Pinocytosis- liquid
Exocytosis- something leaves the cell
Describe the entire process of photosynthesis.
I will correct you as you go
Endosymbiotic Theory in detail: (including person, date, and detailed explanation)
Chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from ancient prokaryotes. Lynn Margulis discovered this in the 1960s
Describe the mitochondria indepth, naming every part of it
Outer membrane-
Inner membrane-
Intermembrane Space-
Matrix-Cytoplasm-
4 main groups into which organelles in eukaryotic cells are classified into
1. Genetic control
2. Manufacturing, Distribution, and Breakdown
3. Energy Processing
4. Structural Support, Movement, and Communication between cells
Define isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic and explain what happens when animal cells or plant cells are put in each
Isotonic- same concentration outside/inside, water doesn’t flow. Bad for plants (flaccid), good for animal cells
Hypotonic- there is a higher concentration of water outside than inside so water flows inside. Good for plant cells (turgid) bad for animals (they lyse/burst)
Hypertonic- higher concentration of water inside so water flows out. Bad for both (they plasmolyze)
Describe the entire process of cellular respiration.
I’ll correct you as you go.