The Arm and Shoulder
The arms are capable of...
Great mobility and dexterity, enabling a vast range of physical movements and fine motor skills. The arm is one of the most mobile limbs of the body.
The Hand
The hand is designed to grap and hold. It is made up of the palm (front of the hand), the dorsum (the back), and the thumb and fingers.
5 metacarpal bones lead from the wrist to join the fingers known as the phalanges, each finger has 3 phalanges and the thumb, just 2.
Name all kinds of joints
Ball and socket, plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, saddle, ellipsoidal and condyloid.
How many bones in each foot and name them
26 bones in each foot. Metatarsals and phalanges make up 19. The rest include the tarsus, including the calcaneus (the heel) and the talus which joins the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.
What is a joint?
The structures of the body, made up of two or more bones or between cartilage and bone, that allow the body to move in a number of ranges and motions. Some joints have a wide rang of movement and some none at all but act as protection to vital organs.
Explain the makeup of the arms
The arm extends from the shoulder (where it attaches to the trunk), down to the wrist (where it joins the hand). The arm has 2 parts, the upper arm which is the shoulder to the elbow, and the forearm which extend the elbow to the wrist.
The wrist has a wide range of movements, why?
The wrist joint where the radius and ulna join with the carpal bones in the wrist allows for flexion, extension, and sideways movements.
Name the bones making the knee joint and explain its nake-up.
The 3 bones are the femur, the tibia and the patella. The joint is essentially a hinge joint with some back and forward gliding and a small amount of rotation which makes it very mobile and weight baring. All bones and the cavity between them are bound by the knee joint capsule (a membraneous lining filled with synovial fluid to lubricate the joint).
The segmented bones in the foot allow ...
How are bones joined to one another?
Tough bands of fibre called ligaments. They stabilise and support the joint, and although they have no qualities of movement, they do restrict the amount of movement bones undergo. Tendons in contract join muscle to bone and therefore do help with movement.
Name the joints in the arm
The ball and socket joint at the shoulder
Hinge joints at the elbow and fingers
Gliding joints at the wrist & Saddle joint at the thumb
What is the importance of the hip bone and legs?
The hip bone forms the connection between the leg and the torso. The lower limbs must carry the weight of the body so large powerful muscles are required for stability and to generate movement. Large joints at the hip and knee and strong ligaments give ability to walk upright on 2 legs.
What do the tibia and and femur have in common
They head of the tibia and the base of the femur have a cartilage covering to assist in the smooth movement of the knee.
The 7 tarsal bones in the back of the foot include...
The calcaneus (the heel) and the talus which joins the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint and also connects to the Achilles tendon. The remaining tarsal bones sit together and are gliding joints.
What is a synovial joint?
A capsule in a joint filled with synovial fluid. This fluid lubricates and reduces friction around the joint, supplies nutrients and eliminates metabolic waste from the surrounding articular cartilage. Walking running can cause stress on the joints and the capsual helps.
The shoulder provides a wide range of movements, name the make up of the shoulder.
The shoulder is made up of the interconnected bones of the clavicle (collar bone), the scapula (shoulder blade) and the humerus. The scapula connects to the humerus at the shoulder joint (a ball and socket) and to the collarbone acromioclavicular joint (a gliding joint).
Describe the leg bones.
The three long bones of the leg are the femur which is the largest bone in the body. The rounded head at the top of the bone sits within a sock joint (which is highly moveable) and angles down to the knee joint (the patella).
The patella is held by what?
The tendon of the quadriceps muscle and it glides over the front of the femur.
Which bones are connected to the foor tarsal bones?
The metatarsal bones and the phalanges. Similar to the fingers, three phalanges in each small toe and 2 in the big toe.
Shoulder or hip joint.
Atlas or axis of cervical vertebrae, radius and ulna.
Scapula and clavicle, sternum and clavicle.
Give more detail about the shoulder joint...
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint. It is the most mobile joint in the body and is surrounded by a membrane capsule filled with cushioning synovial fluid allowing for smooth movement. Stong muscles power the shoulder area which provide stability and assist with any movements.
Tibia and Fibula
The fibula (a relatively thin bone which is an attachment point for some leg muscles) and the tibia (the second longest bone in the body) extend from below the knee to the ankle and form the outer side of the ankle joint. The top of the tibia forms part of the knee joint as well .
a strong network of ligaments ans muscles are necessary to provide strength and stability. It is also important to maintain strong muscles that support the knee for stability.
The synovial hinge joint in the ankle allows which kind of movement?
The fibula and the tibia meet to form the outer side of the ankle joint and the ligaments provide stabilisation. The foot can move; upwards (dorsiflexion), downwards (plantar flexion), sole facing inwards (inversion or supination) or outwards (eversion or pronation).
Name a saddle joint, condyloid, a hinge joint and an ellipsoid
Thumb
Knuckles
Knee, elbow, ankle, fingers and toes
Wrist