Organs/Organ Systems
This system is responsible for sending messages to different organ systems throughout the body.
Nervous system
What are two kinds of cell division?
Mitosis and meiosis
The ________ determines the identity of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base
For double points: name 5
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of a constant/balanced environment
What are the three parts of the nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The major function of the placenta is to:
exchange food, oxygen, and waste between the mother and the fetus
What are the products of mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis : 2 identical diploid cells
Meiosis : 4 genetically unique haploid cells
What are two differences between DNA and RNA
- Thymine/Uracil
- Double vs single stranded
A failure in homeostasis can result in
disease (or death)
Height is an example of what kind of trait?
Polygenic
How would a failure in the digestive system disrupt homeostasis?
Unable to extract energy from food, cells unable to perform functions, tissues and organs shut down
Explain the process of recombination, when it happens, and why it happens
Crossing over/transfer of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I to increase genetic variation
What is the correct mRNA transcript for the following DNA template?
AGACCTACG
UCUGGAUGC
For double points: what is the correct sequence of amino acids?
Due to a mutation in the DNA, ribosomes begin being produced incorrectly in the cell. What kind of effect might this have on a cell?
Altered gene product, cell may no longer be able to function, protein synthesis stops, cell might not divide
Describe the difference between biotic and abiotic influences
Living and non-living influences on gene expression
This organ is responsible for gamete production in males
Testes
tRNA // anticodon
Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
DNA = building blocks of chromosomes. Genes are sections of chromosomes that code for specific traits - coded for by sequence of DNA nucleotides
What is a feedback mechanism and how does it help the body maintain homeostasis?
Responses too disruptions in homeostasis. Works to return the body to homeostasis asap
What kind of genetic manipulation should Ms. Herndon use to make her next cat extra extra fluffy and why?
Genetic engineering - directly influencing the genome of an organism over a shorter amount of time than selective breeding
Which organ system/systems is most similar in function to the responsibility of the umbilical cord?
Respiratory - oxygen
Digestive - nutrients
Excretory - waste removal
Identify three organelles and their functions
nucleus – contains the genetic material
cytoplasm – the entire contents of a cell except the organelles, bound by the cell membrane
cell membrane – coordinates molecules entering and exiting the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum – an organelle made up of a series of connected flattened sacs that plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum – a membranous organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids
ribosomes – the RNA-rich organelles that synthesize proteins
golgi apparatus – the organelle responsible for modification and packaging of proteins and lipids for delivery to targeted destinations
lysosomes – organelles that are surrounded by a membrane, have an acidic interior, and contain enzymes that break down food molecules
mitochondria – organelles that carry out cellular respiration and other metabolic functions
Which type of mutation is the most disruptive? Explain how this mutation affects protein synthesis.
Frameshift - disrupts reading frame for every codon after the mutation. Will lead to altered gene product
Identify two systems in the body that help maintain glucose levels in the blood and how each system is involved
- Digestive - breaks down food and absorbs into blood stream
- Endocrine - releases hormones and enzymes necessary for digestion
- Nervous - tells the body when it's hungry
Explain the differences between selective breeding and genetic engineering.
Selective breeding is dealing with traits already present in an organism and maximizing for those traits. Genetic engineering is altering the genome and introducing a new trait to an organism.