Chap 12
The process of how species change over time
Evolution
study of the genetic diversity within populations
population genetics
NO
Abiotic vs Biotic
Non-living vs Living
Is herbivory competition, mutualism, or parasitism?
Parasitism
fossils that represent intermediate species between an ancient ancestor and a modern form
transitional forms
how common or rare certain traits are in the population
allelic frequency
What are 2 of the 3 ways you can tell a species apart from one another?
1. Physical characteristics
2. Ecology
3. Genetics
can members of a community breed?
No, they consist of different populations
dead material left by the food chain
detritus
What were Darwin's two observations?
1. Reproduction
2. Genetic Variation
traits that aren't necessary for survival but are used for being chosen to mate
secondary sexual characteristics
new species forms when a geographical barrier separates the population into 2
allopatric speciation
number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of the habitat
population density
Ecological vs primary vs secondary succession
Ecological: communities changing after a disturbance
Primary: colonization when an area is lifeless with no soil
Secondary: colonization in a lifeless area with soil
What are 3 of the 5 evidences of evolution?
1. Fossil evidence
2. Biogeography
3. Comparative Anatomy
4. Comparative Embryology
5. Molecular Biology
Who controls artificial selection?
Humans
new species arises while living in the same physical area as its parent species
Sympatric speciation
Exponential population growth vs logistic population growth
Exponential: grows without limitations
Logistic: rate decreases as population reaches carrying capacity
(-/-)
(+/+)
(-/+)
Mutualism: both species benefit
Parasites/Pathogens: one is harmed, one benefits
Natural selection directly relates to what?
Survival of the Fittest
What occurs during the bottleneck effect, the founder effect, and gene flow stopping?
Bottleneck effect: large numbers of a species die off at once
Founder Effect: when members of a species move and colonize a new area
Gene flow stopping: a barrier forms between two populations and they change from each other
What are the two rates of speciation?
Gradualism (slow)
Punctuated Equilibrium (mass extinction)
Opportunistic vs equilibrium life history
Opportunistic: short lives, reproduce young, many offspring with little care
Equilibrium: long lives, late to mature, produce few offspring and and give higher levels of care
Cryptic coloration
Warning coloration
Mimicry
Cryptic: camouflage
Warning: patterns that show they are venomous
Mimicry: non-venomous takes on the warning coloration to trick predators