Aging & Balance
Define mobility, stability, and balance
Mobility= ability to move
Stability= ability to be firmly fixed/supported
Balance= even distribution of weight
A muscle that lengthens during contraction is called a:
A. isometric concentric contraction
B. Isometric dynamic contraction
C. Isotonic eccentric contraction
D. Isometric concentric contraction
D. Isometric eccentric contraction
What are the 3 small bones from the tympanic membrane to the oval window (auditory ossicles)?
Malleus, Incus, and Stapes
What is craniotomy vs. craniectomy?
Craniotomy: surgical removal of a portion of the skull in order to access the brain, and the bone fragment is put back immediately after
Craniectomy: surgical removal of a portion of the skull that is not immediately put back after surgery (often to relieve pressure from swelling)
What brain structure plays a major role in anticipatory postural control?
Cerebellum
What is not a normal change of aging?
Pain
What muscle can extend, adduct, and medially rotate the arm?
Latissimus Dorsi
Finish these 3 sentences:
1. External and middle ears transfer (_________________).
2. Tympanic membrane separates (___________________).
3. The (______________) tube connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear.
1. External and middle ears transfer sounds to the inner ear.
2. Tympanic membrane separates the external and middle ears
3. The pharyngotympanic tube connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear.
What is a basilar head fracture? What is a very common sign of this type of fracture?
It is a fracture of the bone at the base of the skill (usually temporal bone or occipital bone). Often patients will have bruises around their eyes and behind their ears.
What are the 4 types of postural control & balance? Describe each.
1. Static= “steady state”
2. Reactive = righting or equilibrium responses
3. Anticipatory - preparation for movement
4. Adaptive= modification of response due to condition chances
What is the difference between osteoporosis vs osteopenia?
Osteoporosis (Porous bone) versus osteopenia (low bone density)
What tissue is designed to increase the available surface areas of an articular region?
A. Bursa
B. Meniscus
C. Hyaline
D. Labrum
D. Labrum
Bell’s palsy is a result of an injury to which of the following CN?
The main functions of the cervical respiratory viscera are:
What is the difference between Genu valgum and Genu Varum?
Genu Valgum is when the knees fall in towards each other and some cases touch. Also referred to as Knock-Knee
Genu Varum is also referred to as bowing knee.
What is a common test used to assess balance?
Timed up and go (TUG)
During MMT, a client can get less than 50% ROM against gravity for shoulder flexion, What is the score they will receive?
2+/5
The superior oblique muscle is innervated by which of the following CN?
Describe the stages of the swallowing
-oral preparatory stage
-oral stage
-pharyngeal stage
-esophageal stage
List at least 4 of the 6 changes in the musculoskeletal system/posture that occurs with aging?
1. Declines in strength
2. Declines in endurance
2. Decreased ability to generate power
3. Demineralization of bone
4. Decrease flexibility
5. Stiffening of connective tissue
5. Decreased intervertebral disc height
6. Increased spinal curves
When rising from bed, how do the movements differ between an elderly or young individual?
Younger- variability in the movement
Elderly- synchronous movement patterns
Which following muscles are part of the superficial layer of posterior compartment?
What are the 3 membranous Labyrinth divisions? What are the functions of each?
1. Vestibule Labyrinth -> Saccule = for linear motion & vertical acceleration. Utricle = horizontal acceleration
2. Semicircular ducts (3) -> rotary motion
3. Cochlear Labyrinth -> hearing
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, posterior belly of the digastric muscle and superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Name five Postural disorders:
Kyphotic-lordotic, Rounded back, scoliosis, swayback, torticollis, forward head posture, rounded shoulders, raised shoulder, knocked knees, fallen posture, hyperpronation