Background Information
What class of drug is penicillin?
Beta-lactam
What cell structure does penicillin target?
Cell wall/peptidoglycan
When did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?
1928
In what kind of conditions is the ring susceptible to being broken?
Acidic
Why are bacterial cell walls so stable?
Highly cross-linked structure
What is the function of the efflux pumps?
Export toxic compounds from bacterial cells
What are the 2 rings in the penicillin structure called?
Beta lactam and thiazolidine
How many stages are there in peptidoglycan synthesis?
3 stages
What enzyme do penicillin resistance plasmids encode for?
Beta lactamase
What is the difference between Penicillin G and V?
An extra oxygen atom
What enzyme is involved in UDP-G synthesis?
Glm enzymes
Name either of the gene mutations responsible for PBP-mediated resistance
PenA and PonA
What dipeptide does penicillin resemble?
D-alanine-alanine
What protein enables polymerization of Lipid 2 units?
Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs)
Name one potential mechanism through which the porin protein and efflux pump can work together
PIB variants may interact directly with the Mtr efflux pump and work cooperatively to decrease the periplasmic concentrations of antibiotic. In this scenario, mutant PIB proteins may form a complex with the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump